Self Assessment Applying Organizational Behavior Theories

Part A: Self Assessment The terminal values I have are happiness, recognition, and prosperity. My primary goal is to live a happy life. When I look back at my life, I want to feel that I have lived a happy one. I tell myself that I want to die smiling, and if there are lots of people missing me, I will have lived good life. As it can be seen from wanting to have people missing me, recognition from the people around me is also a very important terminal value. My definition of recognition is to be loved and admired from my friends and family, mostly for my character as well as ability and achievement. This puts me in the category of high need for affiliation, which is true. It is my philosophy that no one is perfect, and no one can live†¦show more content†¦I am collaborating and compromising when faced with conflicts. I understand what people want is different, and sometimes not everyone can get everything they want. The important part is that everyone should express their desires, and the decision should be made through a fair procedure, so people could accept giving up something they want. And if I am the one to give things up, I would have no complaints. As for leadership, I show both task-oriented and people-oriented results. In terms of task completion, I do have a higher task-oriented characteristic. Although I have high need for affiliation, when a task is given to complete and someone has to push the group, I become more task-oriented and call for focus on achieving the goal. The assessment says that the best leaders can use both leadership styles in various situations, and I always try to balance the two. Three years ago, I was elected as a leader of a music performance club. As a leader, I had to get along with all the members and keep them cohesive. On the other hand, I had to push them hard to do better when performing on stage. During my time as a leader, I exerted leadership through expertise and being referent. By holding profound knowledge of what I do, I won’t be challenged and earn respect by subordinates. In this case, I had a good knowledge of Hip-hop, Ramp;B, and soul music along with singing. So I taught them how to become better. I thought by being referent, I couldShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to a Leadership Journey This paper outlines the leadership journey of Ronda Harlan; an Organizational Leadership student, at Colorado State University (CSU) and how the CSU Masters of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) program helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. 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Several recommend an inside-out approach whereby the student is encouragedRead MoreKirkpatrick Model of Training1245 Words   |  5 PagesDonald Kirkpatricks 1975 book Evaluating Training Programs defined his originally published ideas of 1959, thereby further increasing awareness of them, so that his theory has now become arguably the most widely used and popular model for the evaluation of training and learning. Kirkpatricks four-level model is now considered an industry standard across the HR and training communities. The four levels of training evaluation model was later redefined and updated in Kirkpatricks 1998 book, cal ledRead Moreorganizational behaviour1261 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior MG6013 The exploration of the theories, research and practices that allow a better understanding of human behavior in organizations. 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Jung classifies individual personalities by using their preference of the general attitudeRead MoreResearch A Management Issue Or Potential Management Issues From Case Study1675 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment Item 2 Topic: Research a management issue or potential management issue from case study The ‘No Manager’ Issue Sophie O’Brien s5058971 1101IBA Management Concepts Kirrilly Cutler Report: Written Assignment â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................3 2. Discussion............................................................................Read MoreLeadership And Leadership Styles Than I Learned1645 Words   |  7 Pagesstarted my learning experience with LIB 100, LIB 341, MGT 345, LIB 312, LIB 380 and PA390. Most importantly, I learned a lot more about my own leadership style and how I’m perceived as a leader from my employees at work. I used the PA390 leadership assessment questionnaires and exercises with my team at work, their feedback and responses have helped me provide some insight and learn more about my leadership values and style. These exercises and further reflection helped me see the connections to my situationalRead MoreFactors That Lead The Goal The Realization Of The Knowledge Gap Is Not Yet Ripe1172 Words   |  5 Pagessystematic, analytical method that helps to clarify organizational goals and identify the gap between the actual performance level and the preferred performance level within an organizatio n. In order to close the gap, I have assessed myself and on many parameters I lack capabilities which need an urgent relook. According to Clark and Estes, there are three causes of gaps namely knowledge-based gaps, motivational based gaps, and organizational based gaps. In my case, to achieve the goal the realization

Essay on The Effects of Cartels in Mexico - 2350 Words

In ten years of fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, 6,335 US soldiers have been killed in combat. In less than half that span of time, from December 2006 to December 2010, approximately 38,000 Mexican citizens were killed by cartel related violence. Even without counting the many thousands of Mexicans who were killed before December 2006, the War on Drugs, over ten years, will be fifteen times deadlier than the War on Terror. The level of violence near the border is unacceptable and the United States must share the blame. The rising death toll serves as the proof of what certain people have been saying for years: both the Mexican and American governments need to change their strategy in order to minimize the presence of drug cartels and to†¦show more content†¦For Mexican drug cartels, this is great news. They stand to turn an extremely large profit: 1000% to 10,000%. With profits in the billions of untaxed dollars, there is no shortage of organizations, some more organized an d prone to violence than others, competing to control the valuable trafficking routes. Because the entire drug trafficking market exists outside the reach of law, these organizations cannot use legal methods, such as the court system, to maintain control of their trafficking routes. As such, violence emerges as the only practical option for the cartels to hold their grip on such large profit margins. This narrative is seen playing out every day in Mexican border towns. On December 11, 2006, Mexican president Felipe Calderon initiated Operation Michoacà ¡n - a joint effort by the Mexican military and Federal Police to prevent drug trafficking. The initiative called for over 50,000 Mexican Army troops and 35,000 Federal Police to be stationed throughout the country (Keralis). Street corners throughout Mexico were inundated with heavily armed soldiers and random inspection checkpoints became commonplace. Armed and violent conflicts between the cartels and judicial police occur regul arly and often employ such weaponry as fully automatic assault rifles and hand grenades. Cartels have even been known to bullet-proof civilian vehicles using hardened steelShow MoreRelatedMexican Drug War Outline816 Words   |  4 PagesCarpenter, Ted. Undermining Mexico’s Dangerous Drug Cartels. Cato Institute. N.p.. Web. 23 Jul 2013. lt;http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/undermining-mexicos-dangerous-drug-cartelsgt;. Al-Eryani, Ausan. Mexico’s drug war effects US as well. Collegiate Times. Virginia Tech. Web. 23 Jul 2013. lt;http://www.collegiatetimes.com/stories/18328/mexicos-drug-war-effects-us-as-well/p2gt;. Grillo, Ioan. US troops aid Mexico in drug war. Global Post. N.p.. Web. 23 Jul 2013Read MoreMexican Drug Cartels : Why Are They So Horrible?884 Words   |  4 PagesMexican Drug Cartels: Why are they so horrible? Drug Cartels are organizations of people of different backgrounds who manufacture drugs and join forces to beat any competition when selling their products, which consist of marijuana, cocaine, and stolen oil and other drugs (Ioan). They’ll stop at nothing to beat their competition, that means even if they have to kill or claim the lives of the innocent to get their way. They are mainly established in Mexico because of the corruptness of the countryRead MoreClare Almond Conflict Assessment Report1330 Words   |  6 Pagesorigin of the Mexican cartel started with a Mexican police officer called Miguel Gallardo nicknamed the Godfather who established the Guadalajara cartel in the 1980 s (Hausmann, Austin Mia, 2009). He managed to control all the drug trade and drug trafficking routes throughout Mexico to the US and was the first Mexican drug chief that was linked to Columbia’s cocaine cartel. Since Gallardo there has been a number of cartels; Knights Templar, Sinaloa Cartel, Los Zetas, Gulf Cartel, Beltran-Leyva OrganisationRead More Mexican Cartel Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesMexican Cartel Drug War Mexico has a long history of cartels the deaths, drugs and weapon trafficking is in all time high increasing year by year. â€Å"Mexicos gangs have flourished since the late 19th century, mostly in the north due to their proximity to towns along the U.S.-Mexico border. But it was the American appetite for cocaine in the 1970s that gave Mexican drug cartels immense power to manufacture and transport drugs across the border. Early Mexican gangs were primarily situated in borderRead MoreThe Political Spectrum Of The United States1567 Words   |  7 Pagesdrug cartels that base themselves mostly in northern Mexico and along the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico are in many ways the most influential organizations in the nation’s media. As mentioned earlier, Mexican citizens were granted freedom of the press in the 1857 Federal Constitution giving them expressional rights that closely resembled the United States’ on paper. However, as the cartels ran rampant throughout the co untry some indirect restrictions were put on these rights. The cartels employRead MoreThe Mexican Cartel Is A Ruthless Crime Origination1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican cartel is a ruthless crime origination. It controls Mexico through bribes and fear. There are many factions of the cartel, and they are at constant war with one another. They war over many reasons from drugs to human trafficking. These battles often spill out into the streets causing the loose of many innocent lives. The cartel has a strangle hold on the Mexican people. The cartels operate much like other organized crime groups. Like the Mafia there are many factions. Each factionRead MoreDrugs to Death in a Political Cartoon: An Oversimplification?1308 Words   |  6 Pagestowards Mexico. In recent years, the boost in illegal immigration, the unstable economies in both countries and the issues resulting from drug use and trade have added tension to the already strained relationship. Blame flows and lands on various subjects: each government, drug cartels, drug users, and more. In the October 2009 political cartoon posted by David Kurtzman ¹ , various angles are used to portray the cartoonist’s opinion that blame should be limited to one party: the drug cartels. Read MoreMexico Case Study964 Words   |  4 Pagesleaders has been proved as a failure to reduce the violence and establish the rule of law and it has been clear that the war on drugs has been expensive and destructive. It is important that the U.S. and Mà ©xico work together to continue strengthening their security cooperation. The U.S. and Mà ©xico must work on strengthening Mà ©xico’s judicial procedures, fight corruption, and reform the police forces. Because it is clear that this issue also affects the U.S., it would be beneficial for the U.S. toRead MoreMexican Drug War : Mexico1306 Words   |  6 PagesMcClenning Mrs. Blomme Honors 1 28 September 2014 Mexico Drug War According to the FBI, there are more than seventy five open cases of Americans that are kidnapped in Mexico. That is just one of the effects caused by what is called The Mexico Drug War. People are oblivious to what the outcome of drugs, in general, can do. Many have disappeared or been killed, firearm trade from the U.S. has gone up, and the supply of drugs in the U.S has increased. The Mexico Drug war started in December of 2006 and isRead MoreMexican Drug Cartels: Problem of the Past or Indication of the Future?1688 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. Drug cartels have become comparable to Mafia figures, and have resorted to Mafia-style violence to prove to the Mexican government that they remain in control. The violence caused by drug cartels is rumored to lead Mexico to become a failed state. George W. Grayson, regular lecturer at the United States Department of State, has made more than one-hundred and twenty-five research trips to Mexico, and is considered an expert on U.S.-Mexican relations. A recent book by Grayson, Mexico: Narco-Violence

Depression Treatments Free Essays

College Writing II 13 September 2012 Depression Treatments Depression is a mental illness affecting millions of people, not just in the United States, but also the world. According to Marcia Clemmitt, it’s â€Å"loosely defined as a mental and emotional disorder with symptoms of constant sadness, lethargy, irritability and a loss of interest and pleasure† (575). Depression can be linked to stressful life events, such as family issues, sexual assault, or losing a loved one. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression Treatments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Liubov Kavaliauskiene, Virginija  Adomaitiene, and Rimantas  Peciura add that depressionâ€Å"disrupts the working capacity of the ill person for a long time, complicates the lives of his/her family members and requires additional money for social care services† (92). If left untreated, depression may lead to irrational violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide. Depression treatment options have become widely available over time, ranging from medicine to Web-based therapy. However, issues with treatment costs have erupted since many depression patients relapse (Kavaliauskiene et. l. 92). Situations like these make determining the best way to treat depression unclear. The CQ Researcher article â€Å"Treating Depression† was written by Marcia Clemmitt and published on June 26, 2009 as Volume 19, Issue 24. Clemmitt, a former high school teacher, has worked for â€Å"The Scientist† and â€Å"Medicine Health†. She has earned degrees from St. Johnâ€⠄¢s College, Annapolis, and Georgetown University. She currently writes social policy articles on CQ Researcher, such as â€Å"Public Works Projects† and â€Å"Preventing Cancer†. The second article, titled â€Å"Medication Rationality in treating depression†, was found using Academic Search Complete. The study was published by Acta Medica Lituanica as Volume 18, No. 2 in 2011, and written by Liubov Kavaliauskiene, Rimantas  Peciura, and Virginija  Adomaitiene. All three work for the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, but they’re part of different departments. Peciura and Kavaliauskiene are affiliated with the Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, while Adomaitiene’s affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry. Treating Depression† introduces depression, discussing symptoms, causes and effect on society. It also explains limits depression patients face in finding help for their disorder. In 2008, Congress passed a law resulting in a rise in insurance coverage and access to mental-health services (Clemmitt 573). However, some depression patients haven’t benefited since they lack insurance and rely on sc arce public-health care programs. Psychiatric help and reliable antidepressants are also scanty since people are different and take different medications. Despite the fact, Clemmitt insists treatment options have improved since â€Å"most primary-care physicians screen for depression and prescribe medications (581). † It’s great news, but if patients don’t improve after being examined and treated the first time, it’s likely they won’t try another way to improve their condition. The first modern antidepressants, tricyclics, were created in the 1950’s (Clemmitt 588). They supposedly made a patient happier and allowed them to be successfully treated as an outpatient by helping their brain’s chemical balance function properly. However, the drug’s considered controversial due to questionable side effects. Clemmitt notes that safer options, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy are available. The article shows that depression needs to be treated aggressively with quality treatment and the importance of preventing future cases. â€Å"Medication Rationality in treating depression† covers depression treatment methods used by Lithuanian doctors. Costs of treating depression patients have been burdensome since many of them have relapsed, as mentioned before. The study has had a goal to â€Å"evaluate the use of anti-depressants according to the opinions of three groups of specialists (family doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists)† (Kavaliauskiene et. al. 92). The specialists’ opinions were evidently used to determine several different options for managing depression treatment costs better. This may have been begun like this since family doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists all have different professions in the medical field. Therefore, it’s assumed they’ve different thoughts on using anti-depressants. Several findings could be drawn from the study with use of critical data on depression cases and information gathered from interviews with Lithuanian â€Å"specialists†. Kavaliauskiene et. al. noted a combination of individually selected medicines and psychological help is needed to treat depression, not just medicine (96). Also, they suggest that even though depression treatments are â€Å"handled differently by different professionals (96),† psychiatrists and family doctors should review causes of depression, work with pharmacists, and learn about new antidepressants (96). Doctors need to be trained to correctly recognize depression and to know when to send patients to a psychiatrist (96). If all of these conditions are properly met, treating depression patients is manageable. Looking at the two articles, quite a few conflicts and commonalities appear between them. Kavaliauskiene et. al. mention that â€Å"relapse rates in depression may range from 20% to as high as 44%†¦ with a maintained use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In contrast, with tricyclic antidepressants, relapse during the ongoing treatment to maintain remission is relatively rare† (93). This conflicts with Marcia Clemmitt’s suggestion that SSRI’s could be more effective than the tricyclics drugs, because the latter has questionable side effects, such as â€Å"increased heart rate, blurred vision, and weight gain† and â€Å"could be fatal in overdoses† (590). At the same time, however before mentioning the side effects, Clemmitt mentioned how the tricyclic drug effectively fixed chemical imbalances in the brain to make patients feel better. This indicates an ambiguity with the sources on the topic of treatments. An instance of a commonality between the sources relates to a depression patient’s motivation to get treated. If a depression patient doesn’t improve with the first round of treatment, they will likely never seek another way to be cured, according to Marcia Clemmitt’s data. (581). This is supported with a solution presented by Kavaliauskiene and his colleagues, saying to treat relapsing patients more attentively and to act quickly if no signs of improvement are present. They may have been given the wrong diagnosis or wrong type of medication (96). It seems from these examples that the sources are more similar than they are different. Though they agree on certain topics, the perfect depression treatment is still unknown. Additional research may help one understand what the best approach to properly treat depression patients is. Works Cited Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Treating Depression. † CQ Researcher 19. 24 (2009): 573-96. CQ Researcher. Web. 6 Sept. 2012. Kavaliauskiene, Liubov, et. al. â€Å"Medication Rationality in treating depression† Acta Medica Lituanica 18. 2 (2011): 92-96. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Sept. 2012. How to cite Depression Treatments, Essay examples

The Road Home free essay sample

Fair uses very harsh and derogative words in the first section of The Road Home to convey a sense that Rosier is a large person. At the very start she uses the description of a solid bulge to give us an initial mental image of a fat yet muscular little girl and then goes on to describe the heavy thud of rubber footsteps pounded which gives us an indication of the amount of weight being carried around by the girl.Another point in this first paragraph Is when Sylvia says heaved a mountain of ere which isnt exactly a pleasant way to describe a girl either, this Just reinforces the already pronoun knowledge that Rosier Is fat. Sylvia also uses dialogue to express that Rosier Is a simple person as an example of her speaking would be when Rosier says Ay! Say allow to Rosier In an attempt to communicate with the sheep In the field. We will write a custom essay sample on The Road Home or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Your average person wouldnt do this and so this helped me to the conclusion that Rosier was simple as well as how her speech would have sounded, as the word allowIndicates there is some sort of speech difficulty present also. Another piece of evidence which supports this is when it says Each time her eyes saw movement, her mouth gave a sheep like grunt , this shows that she was in fact trying to talk to the sheep which isnt what a normal person would do. So, in conclusion, Sylvia uses a wide range of adjectives, phrases and dialogue to give us this mental image of a rather large, simple girl trying to talk to the sheep in the fields, whom we know as Rosier.

Berlin Wall Essays - Eastern Bloc, Berlin Border Crossings

Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall For twenty-eight years, the Berlin Wall separated friends, families, and a nation. After the second World War in 1945, the victorious Allies, the US, Britain, France, Russia divided Germany into four sectors, each under the control of an ally. The US, British, and French Sectors combined to form a democratic state, The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany. The Soviet sector became a communist state, The German Democratic Republic, or East Germany, on October 7, 1949. A barrier now separated east and West. Winston Churchill named this barrier the Iron Curtain. Even though Berlin lay deep within the Soviet sector, the Allies thought it best to divide this metropolis. Therefore Berlin was also divided into four sectors. Again the US, British, and French Sectors combined to form West Berlin. The Soviet sector became the East German capital, East Berlin.The governments of these two new countries were set up by the occupying forces, not the populous. Most of the residents of East Berlin and East Germany did not like the communist regime. In fact, most people were not communists. The Berlin Wall, though not part of the iron curtain, was a reminder of it. The wall was made of steel, cement, and barbed wire fences with traps and explosives. There were guard towers with machine guns and other weapons. It was almost impossible to cross this barrier without the communist government's permission. Conrad Shuman was a nineteen year old border guard when he witnessed families tearfully separated. He realized he was not protecting his country, but imprisoning its people. Three Days after the border was closed, he leapt to freedom. The people of East Germany became dissatisfied with the economic and political conditions of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Private trade was outlawed, as was the ownership of private land. People were forced to work on collective state owned farms. There were food and supply shortages. Onehundred-sixty thousand refugees crossed the border from East Berlin to West Berlin between January and the beginning of August of 1961 in search of a better life. This upset the East German government and the Soviet countries. (East Germany was a Soviet satellite, but was of special interest to Moscow). Nikita Kruschev, the Soviet premier of that time ordered the Berlin wall built to stop the flow of refugees. The GDR began building what they called the anti-fascist protection wall on August 13, 1961, using barbed wire and anti-tank obsticales. However the East German citizens were still escaping. The GDR added tanks at important streets some supplied by the red army. They tore up the streets to use the paving stones to build barricades. There were many escape tunnels dug under the wall. The tunnel system was an extraordinary resistance movement dug by hundreds of East Berlin students with thousands more willing to help. The first successful tunnel was in an East Berlin Graveyard. Mourners brought flowers to a grave and then dropped out of sight. A woman with a baby accidentally found the tunnel and escaped leaving the baby carriage. The police found the carriage and closed the tunnel. The largest tunnel was in the basement of a house at number sixty Wernerstrasse, twenty-nine people were freed from this location. On August 23, 1961, the GDR stopped the subways, the railroads, and the telephone lines going to West Berlin. The people of East Berlin were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin, including the sixty-thousand workers who worked in West Berlin. However East Berliners still managed to get out. Some of them bribed their way out with cigarettes and money. After some people managed to scale the wall, there was a ban on the sale of rope and twine. On September 20, 1961, the GDR began to demolish all of the houses near the wall. They began construction of a more permanent concrete wall. When completed the wall was onehundred-sixtysix kilometers long, and an average of four meters high, topped with concrete tubing and barbed wire. Behind the wall was a trench to stop vehicles. After that was a patrol track with a corridor for watch dogs, watch towers, and bunkers. Behind that was a second wall. This area of no man's land cut off onehundre-ninetytwo streets. Checkpoint Charley was the main crossing point for the American sector of West Berlin. It was sixhundre-eighty feet west of the Brandenberg Gate. On October 27, 1961, the Unites States sent tanks, jeeps and soldiers to Checkpoint Charley go guarantee US officials access

Paraphrasing Essays

Paraphrasing Essays Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing and sum uping are really similar. Both involve taking thoughts. words or phrases from a beginning and crafting them into new sentences within your authorship. In add-on. sum uping includes distilling the beginning stuff into merely a few lines. Whether rephrasing or sum uping. recognition is ever given to the writer. Below is a transition taken from Raymond S. Nickerson’s How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One’s Own Knowledge to Others. Psychological Bulletin 125. 6 ( 1999 ) : p737. In order to pass on efficaciously with other people. one must hold a reasonably accurate thought of what they do and make non cognize that is pertinent to the communicating. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do non hold can ensue in miscommunication and possibly embarrassment. On the other manus. a cardinal regulation of conversation. at least harmonizing to a Gricean position. is that one by and large doe s non convey to others information that one can presume they already have. Here is an illustration of what would be considered plagiarism of this transition: For effectual communicating. it is necessary to hold a reasonably accurate thought of what our listerners know or do non cognize that is pertinent to the communicating. If we assume that people know something they do non. so miscommunication and possibly embarrassment may ensue ( Nickerson. 1999 ) . The author in this illustration has used excessively many of Nickerson’s original words and phrases such as effective communicating. accurate thought. know or do non cognize. pertinent. miscommunication. and embarrassment. Besides note that the transition doesn’t have an gap ticket to bespeak where usage of the Nickerson’s stuff begins. A commendation at the terminal of a paragraph is non sufficent to bespeak what is being credited to Nickerson. Here is an illustration. in APA manner. that is considered ac ceptable paraphrasing of this transition: Nickerson ( 1999 ) suggests that effectual communicating depends on a by and large accurate cognition of what the audience knows. If a talker assumes excessively much cognition about the topic. the audience will either misconstrue or be bewildered ; nevertheless. presuming excessively small cognition among those in the audience may do them to experience patronised ( p. 737 ) . Here the author re-words Nickerson’s thought about what determines effectual communicating. The author re-phrases generally accurate knowledge into reasonably accurate thought. In the 2nd sentence. the author re-words Nickerson’s thoughts about miscommunication and embarrassment utilizing alternatively the words misunderstand. bewildered. and patronized. Nickerson is given recognition from the beginning as the conceiver of the thoughts. This is an illustration of a successful paraphrasis because the author understands the thoughts espoused by Nickerso n. and is able to set them into her ain words while being careful to give him recognition. Here is an illustration. in APA manner. that would be considered acceptable summarizing of this transition: Nickerson ( 1999 ) argues that clear communicating flexible joints upon what an audience does and does non cognize. It is important to presume the audience has neither excessively much nor excessively small cognition of the topic. or the communicating may be inhibited by either confusion or discourtesy ( p. 737 ) . Notice that the author both paraphrasiss Nickerson’s thoughts about effectual communicating and compresses them into two sentences. Like rephrasing. sum uping transitions is a slippery enterprise and takes tonss of pattern. If you’re of all time in uncertainty about whether your drumhead or paraphrasis might be inadvertent plagiarism. inquire your instructor. Example of Editing Original: The fresh Fight Club works to carry through multiple things in footings of subject. for one thing it tries to demo the destructive inclinations of humanity. how in many ways people are geared towards the devastation of themselves. but the film besides tried to reject this thought. to demo that we can neer encompass this facet of ourselves. because if we do we’ll stop up merely like that. in devastation. and as the chief character find out in the terminal. what’s more of import is doing connexions with people and understanding others instead than populating merely for yourself and interrupting any regulations which disagree. Edited: The fresh Fight Club work to carry through legion things thematically. for one it attempts to show the inclinations of world to devolve to encompass self devastation. and on the other it attempts to demo how this can be nil but futile. If we merely encompass self devastation so we fail to see the importance and value of the people a round us. and we merely live to interrupt regulations. which is no manner to populate at all. Effective Paraphrasing A successful paraphrasis is your ain account or reading of another person’s thoughts. Paraphrasing in academic authorship is an effectual manner to repeat. condense. or clear up another author’s thoughts while besides supplying credibleness to your ain statement or analysis. While successful paraphrasing is indispensable for strong academic authorship. unsuccessful paraphrasing can ensue in unwilled plagiarism. Look through the paraphrasing schemes below to better understand what counts as an effectual paraphrasis. Ineffective Paraphrasing Schemes When rephrasing. there are a few common errors you should larn to avoid: 1. Avoid exchanging out or altering around of a few words in an author’s sentence ( s ) for usage in your paper. 2. Avoid neglecting to admit ( through an in-text commendation or direct quotation marks ) the outside beginning from which you obtained your information or thoughts. Exception: When rephrasing. you do non hold to straight mention common cognition. Common cognition is information that is widely known and can be found in multiple topographic points. For illustration. composing that Ronald Reagan was a U. S. Republican president would be considered common cognition. so it would non necessitate to be cited. However. when in uncertainty. it is ever better to mention than run the hazard of plagiarism. 3. Admiting the writer in an in-text commendation but neglecting to include citation Markss around any footings or give voicing that you have borrowed from the writer. Note that any of the unsuccessful elements of rephrasing are considered plagiarism in your essay. even if these rephrasing trips are unwilled. Effective Paraphrasing Schemes If you’re holding problem rephrasing a text efficaciously. seek following these stairss: 1. Reread the original transition you wish to rephrase. looking up any words you do non acknowledge. until you think you understand the full significance of and purpose behind the author’s words. 2. Following. screen or conceal the transition. Once the transition is hidden from position. compose out the author’s thought. in your ain words. as if you were explicating it to your teacher or schoolmates. 3. After you have finished authorship. look into your history of the author’s thought against the original. While comparing the two. inquire yourself the undermentioned inquiries: Have I accurately addressed the author’s thoughts in a new manner that is alone to my composing manner and scholarly voice? Have I tried to retroflex the author’s thought or have I merely changed words around in his/her original sentence ( s ) ? 4. Following. expression for any borrowed footings or peculiar phrases you have taken from the original transition. Envelop these foo tings and phrases in citation Markss to bespeak to your readers that these words were taken straight from the original text. 5. Last. include a commendation. which should incorporate the author’s name. the twelvemonth. and the page or paragraph figure ( if available ) . straight following your paraphrasis. Examples of Paraphrasing Here is the original beginning an writer might utilize in a paper: Differentiation as an instructional attack promotes a balance between a student’s manner and a student’s ability. Differentiated direction provides the pupil with options for processing and internalising the content. and for building new acquisition in order to come on academically. Here is an illustration of bad paraphrasing of the beginning. Even though the pupil is mentioning right. underlined words are merely synonyms of words used in the original beginning. You can besides see how the sentence construction is the same for both the original beginning and this paraphrasis. Differentiation is a manner to promote equality between the attack and endowment of the pupil ( Thompson. 2009 ) . This type of direction gives pupils different ways to cover with and grasp information. and for set uping new larning to travel on in instruction ( Thompson. 2009 ) . Here is an illustration of a better manner to rephra se the beginning. In this illustration. the writer has taken the indispensable thoughts and information from the original beginning. but has worded it in her ain manner. utilizing alone word pick and sentence construction. The writer has condensed Thompson’s ( 2009 ) information. including what is relevant to her paper. but go forthing out excess inside informations that she does non needed. Teachers use differentiated direction to assist pupils larn. leting the instructor to provide lessons to the manner each pupil learns and each student’s accomplishment ( Thompson. 2009 ) . – See more at: hypertext transfer protocol: //writingcenter. waldenu. edu/295. htm # sthash. EKKl31Ro. dpuf Paraphrasing and summarizing In contrast to citing straight. by summarizing or rephrasing an author’s thoughts you are able to show your reading of an author’s thoughts and to incorporate them more to the full into the construction of your authorship. Paraphrasing is by and large used when you wish to mention to sentences or phrases in the beginning text. It is peculiarly utile when you are covering with facts and definitions. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a short subdivision from the beginning text in different words whilst maintaining the same significance. Summarising is by and large used when you wish to mention to thoughts contained in a long text. Summarizing enables you to cut down the author’s thoughts to identify points in an lineation of the treatment or statement by excluding unneeded inside informations and illustrations. Whether you summarise or paraphrasis. you will still necessitate to include a mention mentioning the beginning of the thoughts yo u have referred to. A procedure for rephrasing and summarizing Many pupils find the undermentioned procedure utile for summarizing and rephrasing information. Read the text carefully – you may necessitate to read the text several times. and look into the significance of footings you do non understand in a dictionary. Identify and underscore the cardinal words and chief thoughts in the text. and write these thoughts down. See these points as a whole and your intent for utilizing this information in relation to the construction of your assignment. You may be able to group the thoughts under your ain headers. and set up them in a different sequence to the original text. Think about the attitude of the writer. i. e. critical. supportive. certain. unsure. Think about appropriate coverage verbs you could utilize to depict this attitude. Think of words or phrases which mean approximately the same as those in the original text. Remember. if the key words are specialised vocabulary for the topic. they do non necessitate to be changed. ( see Using synonyms below. ) Using your notes from the above stairss. outline your sum-up or paraphrasis. When you have finished your bill of exchange reread the original text and compare it to your paraphrasis or sum-up. You can so look into that you have retained the significance and attitude of the original text. Using equivalent word To rephrase a text. you can utilize a assortment of techniques. such as synonymous words. synonymous word signifiers. or synonymous phrases. For illustration. the pupil text below has used synonymous word signifiers ( scanners – scanner. usage – utilizing ) ( in bold ) . synonymous words ( convert – recreates ) ( in bold italics ) . and synonymous phrases ( their eyes – the scanner oculus ) ( in italics ) . Original beginning scanners convert parallel informations into digital information†¦ scanners use little electronic constituents ( called CCDs. PMTs. or CISs ) as their eyes†¦ Student text A scanner recreates an image such as a in writing utilizing little electronic constituents referred to as the scanner’s eyes†¦ Changing word signifiers A common attack to altering the word forms in a sentence is to alter the chief verb into a noun. or less normally to alter the chief noun into a verb. For illustration. compare the two sentences below: Original beginning Scanners convert parallel informations into digital information. Paraphrased sentence The transition of an image such as a in writing by a scanner occurs†¦ Re-ordering chief thoughts Another manner of paraphrasing is to alter the order of the chief thoughts in a sentence. One manner of making this is to alter the active voice to inactive voice or the inactive voice to active voice. The active voice focal points on who or what is affected by a procedure or event. whilst the inactive voice focal points on the event or procedure. For illustration compare the usage of scanners convert’ and the transition of’ in the illustrations above. For farther information on the usage of active and inactive voice see the grammar tutorial. Paraphrasing is the procedure of showing another author’s content in your ain words. while keeping the significance of the transition. It is utile when the writer uses difficult-to-understand linguistic communication and construction. when you want to concentrate on a different component of the transition or when your audiences are different ( for illustration. the writer wrote an academic paper. and you are a newspaper newsman ) . However. rephrasing can besides take to plagiarism ( utilizing another author’s work or thoughts as your ain ) if your beginnings are non suitably and explicitly cited. Other Peoples Are Reading How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing Types Of Paraphrases Instruction manuals 1 Change the voice of the sentences from active to inactive voice and frailty versa. For illustration. Educators prefer learning lower grades can go Teaching lower classs is preferred by pedagogues. This is helpful when you want to concentrate more on the object instead than the topic of the sentence. 2 Change the diction of a transition utilizing equivalent word. A synonym finder can turn out rather utile for this undertaking. Children develop their linguistic communication by interacting with those around them can go Kids get linguistic communication accomplishments by pass oning with people near to them. Sponsored Linkss SoftLayer ® Official Site More Custom-made Hosting From A Trusted Source. 24?7 Support. Chat Now. SoftLayer. com/Asia-Pacific 3 Change the verb of the temper to subjunctive if you want to rephrase a want. a petition or an unrealistic state of affairs. You can besides alter subjunctive temper to indicative. For illustration. The curate requested that his helper conveying the paperss. can go The curate asked his helper to convey the paperss. 4 Change the order of the sentence’s elements - without changing the temper of the verb of the voice - to emphasize the most of import portion for your work. For case. John Day ( an fanciful individual ) was a successful author. politician and man of affairs. can be John Day is celebrated for his success as a man of affairs. politician and author. 5 Use monikers or conversational footings to alter a passage’s diction. You can alter New York City to the Big Apple. for case. or mention to night shift as the graveyard displacement. However. this technique is non acceptable when composing a formal paper. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/how_8759404_easily-paraphrase. html # ixzz2jBcfjEac Paraphrasing right can forestall plagiarizing. When you paraphrase. you merely show person else’s thoughts in your ain words. Unlike a brief drumhead. a paraphrasis contains more item. harmonizing to the Purdue Online Writing Lab ( OWL ) . Although you have reworded the original. you must utilize in-text commendations. parentheses incorporating the beginning of the information. in the needed format. Paraphrasing may affect alterations in vocabulary. length. parts of address and sentence construction. How to Write a Paraphrase How to Teach Students How to Paraphrase 1. Synonym Replacement At its simplest degree. rephrasing involves replacing original diction with equivalent word. See this original sentence from Claudia Kalb’s Newsweek article. Painkiller Crackdown. While the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable’ drug. it is concerned’ that many physicians who are ordering the medicines don’t know’ plenty about it and are non conveying’ the dangers to patients. . . . If a pupil made merely these replacings - useful for valuable. worried for concerned. know for understand and explaining for conveying - some paraphrasing would ensue. but much of the original would stay. ensuing in partial plagiarism. Decrease of Clauses Another method of rephrasing involves altering clauses to phrases. For illustration. the clause. while the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable drug could go a more compendious phrase. claiming Oxycontin’s value. If a pupil combines this attack with synonym replacing. more effectual paraphrasing occurs. Sponsored Linkss Download Free Personal computer Software Download Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now! mobogenie. com/download-pc-software Partss of Speech Changing parts of address may help in rephrasing. See another original sentence from Kalb’s Newsweek article: Last hebdomad the spotlight’ on OxyContin intensified’ as the Drug Enforcement Administration announced’ a national scheme to combat’ the painkiller’s illegitimate’ usage. . . . If a pupil restructured the sentence. altering parts of address. some rephrasing would happen: The Drug Enforcement Administration last hebdomad spotlighted’ OxyContin more intensely’ and made an announcement’ of a national scheme. which combats utilizing the analgesic illegitimately. However. this rephrasing deficiencies originality and once more consequences in partial plagiarism. Change of Structure Changing the sentence construction adds to the value of the paraphrasis. reflecting the writer’s reading of the author’s ideas. See this original diction from the Newsweek article: OxyContin was developed to make good: alleviate enfeebling hurting. But since the powerful drug debuted in 1996. it has become progressively known for a unsafe side consequence - the potency for serious dependence. By get downing with a phrase and altering the construction. a author could make the undermentioned: First looking in 1996. Oxycontin claimed to alleviate unneeded agony. Today. nevertheless. experts know it can present an addictive’ menace ( Kalb 38 ) . These restructured sentences besides include synonym replacing ( appeared for debuted ) and alterations in parts of address ( addictive for addiction ) . With the Modern Language Association ( MLA ) in-text commendation. this rephrasing avoids any hint of plagiarism by uniting multiple signifiers of paraphrasing. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/info_8410412_types-paraphrases. hypertext markup language # ixzz2jBcsVmxv How to Teach Students How to Paraphrase By Hilary Riepenhoff. eHow Subscriber Share Print this article Teaching pupils to rephrase takes clip and pattern. Paraphrasing is an indispensable accomplishment for pupils to obtain. Without rephrasing. pupils are at hazard for plagiarism. It is of import to put the land work for successful direction of rephrasing through account of cardinal constructs. mold and pattern of the accomplishment. Merely through pattern and changeless feedback will a student’s paraphrasing ability grow. Activities for Paraphrasing Information Difference Between Summarizing A ; Paraphrasing Instruction manuals 1. 1 Teach the cardinal differences between reciting. summarizing and paraphrasing. Writer of Summarizing. Paraphrasing. and Retelling. Emily Kissner suggests. the three constructs are similar. but are different in development. formation. and concluding merchandise. Summaries contain chief thoughts. some back uping inside informations and are in chronological order. yet shorter in length. Retelling is orally sharing information. while remembering of import information from the text. Harmonizing to Purdue’s Online Writing Lab. successful paraphrasing puts the information from the transition in your ain words. while imputing the original beginning. It is shorter in length because you abbreviate the information. 2 Remind pupils that although paraphrased stuff is non in quotation marks. one must recognition the original beginning. Explain that doing little alterations in give voicing. rearranging the original quotation mark or neglecting to mention the beginning is plagiarism. Sponsored Linkss Download Free Personal computer Software Download Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now! mobogenie. com/download-pc-software 3 Indiana University of Bloomington’s Writing Tutorial Service suggests learning several cardinal schemes. including to rewrite utilizing your ain words while covering the quotation mark you are rephrasing to avoid the impulse to transcript ; besides look into your paraphrased work to guarantee you have non by chance written anything word for word from the original and that the information included is right. 4 Get down little by presenting rephrasing with sentences alternatively of drawn-out paragraphs. Ensure pupils understand information stated in each sentence. See a student’s ability degrees in reading. 5 Model the construct of rephrasing to pupils. Show pupils what good rephrasing expressions like. Give illustrations based on appropriate alteration in words and construction. Prepare illustrations and have pupils explain their logical thinking on whether the paraphrasing is right or non. 6 Provide pupils the chance to orally rephrase sentences in their ain words. Work as a group to acknowledge what works with a student’s paraphrased responses and what does non. Instantaneous feedback ushers pupils toward right paraphrasing. Independent pattern so evaluates pupil advancement and growing. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/how_8783769_teach-students-paraphrase. html # ixzz2jBd4uoZv Paraphrasing and Summarizing Exercise This resource was written by Tony Cimasko. Last edited by Allen Brizee on August 7. 2009. Summary: This resource contains the pattern exercising on paraphrasing and summarizing to assist you larn how to use the guidelines in this subdivision to your ain authorship. Take a expression at the text below ( excerpted from Expert: Wikipedia Won’t Go Away. So Learn How to Use It by Maggie Morris ) and the undermentioned efforts at paraphrasing and summarizing. The first four are non equal. but the last 1 is. Look at each of the four inappropriate efforts. and make up ones mind what precisely makes each inappropriate. The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research instead than as the concluding word. says a Purdue University communications expert. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. But Wikipedia is here to re main and. despite punishments. people are likely to go on utilizing it. Version 1: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. Version 2: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication ( Morris ) . Version 3: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it critical that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use ( Morris ) . Version 4: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it necessary to larn utilizing the on-line collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. ’ says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use’ ( Morris ) . Version 5: Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because pupils are addicted to Wikipedia and will go on to trust on it. it is of import for instructors to assist them to utilize Wikipedia as a topographic point to get down research. instead than as a concluding beginning. Matei besides says that punishments are improbable to be effectual ( Morris ) . Version 5 is right. Here the pupil combined her ain paraphrasing with a citation of dramatic linguistic communication of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken straight from the beginning tantrum together ; she quoted accurately and cited her beginning. Some of the information is consolidated. and the specific sorts of punishments given by teachers- a minor detail- are left out. Answers for Paraphrasing and Sum uping Exercises This resource was written by Tony Cimasko. Last edited by Allen Brizee on November 5. 2008. Summary: This resource contains the replies for the ESL exercises on rephrasing and sum uping. Paraphrasing and Sum uping The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research instead than as the concluding word. says a Purdue University communications expert. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. But Wikipedia is here to remain and. despite punishments. people are likely to go on utilizing it. Version 1: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. This version would be considered blazing plagiarism. The text is excerpted about word for word without utilizing citation Markss suitably. without giving recognition to the original writer. Some words have been cut out. but the original author’s linguistic communication is still rather obvious. Version 2: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication ( Morris ) . Recognition is given to the original writer ( Morris ) . but citation Markss are still non used. and the linguistic communication still closely resembles the original authorship. Version 3: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it critical that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use ( Morris ) . The original writer is given recognition. and technically the transition is right. but the author suggests that Morris’ chief point is teachers’ reactions. In fact. Morris is stressing the importance of Wikipedia. and negotiations about teachers’ reactions as a secondary point. Version 4: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it necessary to larn utilizing the on-line collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. ’ says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use’ ( Morris ) . The citation is basically accurate. citation Markss are used. and Morris is given recognition. The bigger job is that the author made no effort to utilize his or her ain linguistic communication. to incorporate the citation into their ain words. The smaller job is the deficiency of eclipsiss ( . . . ) to bespeak where the author took out portion of the citation. Version 5: Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because pupils are addicted to Wikipedia and will go on to trust on it. it is of import for instructors to assist them to utilize Wikipedia as a topographic point to get down research. instead than as a concluding beginning. Matei besides says that punishments are improbable to be effectual ( Morris ) . Version 5 is right. Here the pupil combined her ain paraphrasing with a citation of dramatic linguistic communication of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken straight from the beginning tantrum together ; she quoted accurately and cited her beginning. Some of the information is consolidated. and the specific sorts of punishments given by teachers- a minor detail- are left out. Paraphrasing A ; Summarizing Exercise This is the last portion of Wallace’s Copyright A ; Plagiarism tutorial. Please read the undermentioned transitions to earn an apprehension in the art of rephrasing. More pattern is available via Web links on the Student Guide to Copyright. Original transition: Cipher called him Abe–at least non to his face–because he loathed the moniker. It did non suit a well-thought-of professional who’d struggled difficult to get the better of the restrictions of his frontier background. Frankly Lincoln enjoyed his position as a attorney and politician. and he liked money. excessively. and used it to mensurate his worth. By the 1850’s. thanks to a combination of endowment and swerve difficult work. Lincoln was a adult male of significant wealth. He had an one-year income of around $ 5. 000–the equivalent of many times that today–and big fiscal and real-estate investings. Oates. Stephen B. Our Ardent Test: Abraham Lincoln. John Brown. and the Civil War Era. Amherst. MA: University of Massachusetts Press. 1979. p. 65 Incorrect paraphrasis: No 1 used Lincoln’s moniker. Abe. because he detested it. It didn’t travel with a attorney and politician who had worked to acquire off from the limitations of his state heritage. Lincoln liked his new place. and his wealth. and used it to estimate his position. By mid-century. his accomp

A History of Consumerism In The United States Essay

A History of Consumerism In The United States - Essay Example According to Professor Peter Stearns at George Mason University a reasonable shorthand definition of modern consumerism can be given stressing two distinct features: "1) a serious commitment to the acquisition, display, and enjoyment of goods and commercial services clearly not necessary to subsistence however generously defined, and 2) participation in the process by social groups outside the upper classes." (Stearns 2003, para. 5). These definitions are very important to consider as they shed light upon the use of the term "consumerism" in the present essay about the history of consumerism in the United States. In order to study the history of consumerism in the United States two different approaches will be taken. First, the rise of consumerism in the United States will be seen from a general point of view emphasizing some philosophical and ideological aspects of consumerism in modern society. Second, a brief history of consumerism in the United States will be undertaken under a chronological point of view making emphasis on some relevant dates and cornerstones of consumer culture in the United States up to the present. All along the way certain significant features of consumerism in the United States will be taken into account in order to give a broader idea of the implications and causations of consumerism in the United States.1 As consumerism and globalization are closely interlinked, it is necessary to understand the present interactions of both in the United States. History Of Consumerism In The United States The rise of consumerism in the United States has been a steady process along the years, especially throughout the twentieth century around World War I. Charles Kettering, from General Motors, put it simply this way: "The key to economic prosperity is the organised creation of dissatisfaction". (FAIR n. d.). In the first quarter of the twentieth century in the United States there were technological advances that helped to enhance production processes. There was overproduction, and consumers couldn't afford what was being produced at such a high pace. A little earlier, back in 1907, economist Simon Nelson Patten had said: "the new morality does not consist in saving, but in expanding consumption". (FAIR n. d.). So the creation of "the dissatisfied consumer" was a necessity of those times. Time passed by and after World War II a new boom period promoted consumerism in the United States. During the sixties with the Hippies and the seventies with the petroleum crisis the consumer habits were strongly questioned. The bold statement by Jimmy Carter in 1979 against consumerism has been pinpointed as one of the reasons for his loss to Ronald Reagan for the Presidency of the United States. It is interesting to note that consumption patterns soared immediately after the Reagan Administration took office. Throughout this period the widespread use of new marketing techniques for the creation of need has been a prominent sign of the times. The rise of cons

Shifts In Maritime Transportation Industry Case Study

Shifts In Maritime Transportation Industry - Case Study Example The present slow down of the industry in the developed world gives rise to this pessimism however, the forecast for the developing world produces a completely contrasting picture. Maritime transportation is intricately linked by the means of transportation i.e by the shipping industry. Thus the health of the shipping industry gives a fair picture of the state of the transportation industry. After the end of the Second World War, The United States was the leading country in maritime transportation. The remarkable Marshall Plan saw the rebuilding of a shattered Europe in which seaborne commerce played an important role. Transportation of oil as also other goods increased manifolds. Closure of the Suez Canal in 1956 caused a short term downswing, but also helped add impetus to the shipping industry as the oil now had to come around the Cape of Good Hope thus increasing the capacity and capability of the maritime transportation sector. Between 1957 and 1973, the West's domination of the maritime transportation industry was challenged by Japan who became the industry leader. In that period the transportation industry was very much a 'sunset industry' as far as the Europeans and the Americans were concerned but a 'sunshine industry' for Japan. The OPEC oil embargo of 1973, caused a sudden glut of oil tankers which had no cargo to carry. Consequently, the maritime transportation industry suffered badly. The Japanese shipbuilding industries suffered heavily and in the intervening vacuum, the South Koreans stepped in to claim their stake in the global maritime transportation pie. China and Singapore too joined the race. The maritime transportation industry today is characterized by some important factors shaping the world.

Obesity caused by Bulimia Nervosa Research Paper

Obesity caused by Bulimia Nervosa - Research Paper Example Eating disorders take various forms among individuals. One of the rampant instances of eating disorders that translate into obesity is binge eating. Binge eating is a behavior among obese individuals whereby they adopt eating habits that involve eating in the night. Community studies conducted revealed that binge-eating rates are high among obese eating adults as opposed to normal weight adults. There are also other factors influencing binge-eating habits. Psychological factors such as depression and anxiety affect the eating habits among individuals. Psychologically affected individuals result into adopting binge eating habits as a means of overcoming psychological stressors (Barbour 34). Another eating disorder rampant among obese individuals is emotional eating. Over eating comes as a response to the negative emotional states among individuals. Considering the fact that over eating is among the leading factors in the promotion of obesity among individuals; emotional eating constan tly leads to over eating and hence obesity among individuals. Community studies have confirmed that emotional eating is wide spread among obese adult individuals. The emotional distress among the obese individuals comes because of low morale and will power to overcome their current state of obesity. Therefore, obese individuals result into emotional eating and hence increase their levels of obesity (Kelly 78). External eating is another eating habit that promotes the prevalence of obesity within the community.

Gate Gourmet Swot Analysis

Gate Gourmet Swot Analysis I choose Gate Gourmet as an organisation for use as case study. It is headquartered at Zurich-Airport, Switzerland and is the worlds second largest airline catering company, providing catering services to many of the worlds major airlines, such as British Airways, Swissair, United Airlines, Delta Airlines, Virgin Atlantic and Cathay Pacific to name just a few. The scale and complexity of the Gate Gourmet operations is high and it operates in global environment in an industry that is highly competitive and cost sensitive. This gives an opportunity to evaluate the macro and micro environment in line with the strategic options that Gate Gourmet has. Task1 (B) There are several practices that are used for strategic planning in the industry today and the choice of these are driven by factors such as type of industry, market realities, competitive pressures, size of the business and of course the culture and ethical practices of the organisation. Planning horizons have now considerably shortened considering the dynamic nature of business of the 21st century. The horizons have now become 2-3 years. There are however several best practices that have emerged from what is observed across industries: Stretch goals are an imperative to make strategic thinking more out of the box Planning processes are now regarded as evolving and flexible and it is to the organisations credit how quickly it can course correct. With the understanding of importance of stakeholder buy in and support there is an emphasis on communication in the strategic plan. This is an integral part of the quality planning in the strategic planning. Detailed plans are now created to tie the objectives to activities and outcomes. An organisations competitiveness is now determined by a set interconnected core competencies and not by a single core competency. This has emerged from the understanding that there are various organisational aspects that go into building a competitive advantage. In addition to the best practices mentioned above, there are some theories and frameworks that support the strategic planning: SWOT analysis for environmental analysis Porters 5 forces theory for environmental analysis Strategy as an ecology to understand the competition Balanced Scorecard approach McKinseys 7-S model to understand how the organisational factors help drive its operation strategy Ansoffs matrix to define the service or product strategy BCG and McKinsey matrix to review the product portfolio Value chain analysis as to how the organisation is adding value and interacting with its ecosystem Core Competency approach for deciding differentiation approach Top down or bottom up approach for participation and communication Strategic narratives that help in framing and analysis of strategic options Task 1(C) For Gate Gourmet to formulate its strategy, we must look the following: Environmental analysis and the position of Gate Gourmet relative to its environment. I would recommend using Porters 5 forces and SWOT as it will help us understand both the macro and micro environment and link it with the Gate Gourmets position in the competitive landscape. Since the industry of inflight catering is defined largely by operational excellence, we can use the 4-V analysis to understand the areas of operational excellence that can be used to differentiate, not merely to drive operational efficiency, but also to achieve competitive advantage. The SWOT will also then help us understand the core competency of Gate Gourmet and if that fits with the differentiation strategy that will help it achieve competitive advantage. From the core competencies, the balanced scored card can be used to outline the business objectives that will help leverage the core competencies and achieve competitive advantage. These objectives will be defined across financial, customer, human resources and knowledge management aspects of the organisation. Task 1(D) Relevant theories for the marketing plan for Gate Gourmet are product Life cycle management using Ansoffs matrix and BCG matrix, service marketing strategy and innovation based marketing strategy. Looking at the product life cycle of the inflight catering business, we understand that the business is a mature business and therefore will require innovation and service differentiation focus to compete. Also, BCG matrix will help Gate Gourmet evaluate the services and geographies that can be dropped from its portfolios and the ones that need to be consolidated and invested in. Ansoffs matrix will help Gate Gourmet to decide the innovation strategy through new product launch. This will help improve its utilization of the supply chain resources and the investments and thus help reduce its per unit costs. Task 2(A) There are 2 general strategic options that are available to Gate Gourmet: Cost Leadership and Differentiation. Let us look at the relative advantages and disadvantages: Cost Leadership: Gate Gourmets business drives the need for it to be increasingly efficient as its airline customers face heightened cost pressures due to the changing business and economic scenario. It operates in a business which is low margin and increasingly coming under further squeeze. Hence Cost leadership is a requirement for business in this industry in the in flight catering business. It cannot be a source of competitive advantage. Differentiation: Given that efficiency focus is a requirement or a qualifying criterion in the industry of Gate Gourmet, what can lead to a competitive advantage is through a differentiation strategy. Quality and flexibility are areas that can help Gate Gourmet differentiate itself to its competition. However, focus on quality and flexibility will lead to overheads that can act against the cost leadership requirement. Therefore Gate Gourmet will also need to have a robust operational strategy to drive the quality and flexibility differentiation with cost leadership. Task 2(B) The following are Gate Gourmets key stakeholders: Employees and contractors: The strategy of flexibility and consolidation will impact the employees as Gate Gourmet will have to resort to lay offs for its permanent employees and look at flexible hiring model to suit its operations. Raw Material Suppliers: Gate Gourmet will have to look at creating a deeper alliance and information sharing to implement its strategy of flexibility and quality focus. This will happen though further integration of their systems and through real time information sharing. For cost leadership, Gate Gourmet will need to get into longer term contracts and choose strategic suppliers that can offer it better unit prices. Supply Chain/Logistics partners: Gate Gourmet will need to have more integration and alignment with its supply chain partners to put in place a quality and flexibility strategy. It will need to agree with them on standard quality practices to ensure consistent quality experience creating the competitive advantage that Gate Gourmet is looking at. Airlines: Flexibility and cost leadership will require Gate Gourmet to receive information from its airline customers in real time. Gate Gourmet will also need to have Task 2(C) The following are the key areas that need to be paid special attention to by the management team implementing the strategy: Communication The communication of the strategy, its objectives and the rationale behind that needs to be clearly articulated and communicated to the employees. This is required to create the appropriate buy in from them. The communication also needs to be planned to the customers of the organisation to share with them how the organisation is changing for the better and aligning to the market and competitive requirements The partners of the organisation also need to be informed and aligned with the changes so that they too can change their work practices to align with the organisational strategy. Organisation design The organisations structure needs to support the new strategy and ensure that the execution is supported by the new organisation This will also ensure resources are allocated efficiently and minimise the waste Training and development Training programs need to be implemented for the new and existing employees to close the information and skill gap required to execute the new strategy Investments into Systems and Integration For close integration with the partners and customers of the organisation systems need to be put in place to support this. The organisation will need to invest in infrastructure and work practices to put these systems in place Contractual Strategy Serviced Based and Strategic partners The contractual relationships with the partners may need to be revisited and consolidated in view with the new strategy Also existing partners may have to revisit the service levels and scope of the contractual relationships. Task 2(D ) Communication Organisation design Training and development Task 3 Develop vision, mission, objectives and measures of these Task 3(A) Vision statement articulates how the organisation sees itself in the future, in fact it is the long term goal for the organisation which it strives to achieve. Ideally this goal should be such that it can never be achieved by the organisation and it should serve as the drive for the organisation. A mission statement is more of a goal statement for a fixed tenure of time and is usually derived from the Vision statement. From the mission statement the organisational objectives year on year can be derived. Value of the organisation defines the principles and ethics that the organisation abides by and holds dear. These could be targeted at doing business in a specific way, or giving high consideration to employees and customers. These are principles that are considered to be above the business objectives and are the fundamentals on which the company envisions its future. There are many ways in which these can be measured. A representative way of doing this is evaluating how customers and employees believe the organisation is doing business keeping in mind the vision, mission and values. Also, employees can be interviewed to determine how their individual values are aligned to organisational values and if they hold the latter close and let it reflect in their working. The prevailing organisational culture also reflects how the vision, mission and values are absorbed by the different stakeholders of the organisation. Another way of measuring the effectiveness is to determine how the organisations performance management system is aligned to the mission and goals that have been set and how these are supported by the training, development, mentoring and coaching in the organisation. Task 3(B) Gate Gourmet abides a set of brand values and that drives its vision of its business. The Gate group was established as a master brand to reflect the growing diversity of the business. The shapes making up the outline of a star in the logo symbolize Gate groups individual companies and their vast range of capabilities. The points on the star represent the brand values with which we make every effort to serve our customers: QUALITY We deliver best-in-class products and services. INTEGRITY We pledge an ethical and trustworthy relationship. RELIABILITY On-time and with a clear focus on safety. VALUE Optimizing value for you throughout the supply chain. FLEXIBILITY One size does not fit all. We are attuned to your needs. PASSION We lead through innovation and inspiration. RESPECT We celebrate the diversity of cultures among our employees and customers. RESPONSIBILITY We strive to protect the environment and to be a good corporate citizen in our communities. The companys website gives the following information on its mission statement: Customers prefer us because passion shines through everything we do. We measure our success by the success our customers enjoy. (Refer: Source 2) Task 3(C) The organisations cultural and ethical environment provides a mean for realising its vision and mission. These are execution ingredients that it requires to attain the vision and mission that it has set for itself. The culture and ethical conditions are determined by how the employees and partners of the organisation have adopted and aligned with the vision, mission and strategy. It is important to note that without these supporting factors, even the most well crafted vision, mission and strategy cannot be implemented. The stakeholders need to align with these and the McKinseys 7-S model reflects how these factors interact with each other and determine how vision, mission and strategy get implemented. Task 3(D) Gate Gourmet operations can be described as extremely complex requiring optimized efficiencies and responsiveness at the same time, where it must be able to achieve very stringent operational objectives in an extremely competitive, dynamic business environment. Some of its operations objectives are listed and evaluated below along with relative importance of criteria selected for evaluation, conflicts with other objectives and how Gate Gourmet accommodates these changes Driving lower costs through economies and processes Due to the nature of the competition in the industry, and where customers are always looking drive costs lower to increase their profitability, the cost per meal that Gate Gourmet charges to its customers would directly impact the amount of business that it is able to generate from its existing and new customers. Flexibility, responsiveness to changing customer needs and ability to operate in an dynamic environment Though the company has to offer very competitive pricing, it is also very important that the company that it is very flexible to the constantly changing customer requirements and is able to deliver the product and service that are closely aligned with customer expectations. As can be seen from the case, the final requirement for a particular flight is not known till hours before the flight and even that could change due to last minute cancellations or new booking, due to which they have to operate in a just in time fashion, of being able to come up with delivery at the moment the customer requires it. Maintenance of highest quality standards As Gate Gourmets customers are airlines that are extremely conscious of offering the best to their passengers and also ensuring that they have good branding as a company offering the highest quality experience, they would want to ensure that the food that is served on their flights is of the highest standards and that various processes are followed for maintaining quality and consistency. [Critical success factors for Inflight Catering services: Singapore Airport Terminal Services practices as management benchmarks , Type: Article, Case study, Author(s): Zeph Yun Chang, Wee Yong Yeong, Lawrence Loh, Source: The TQM Magazine; Volume: 9 Issue: 4; 1997] Reliability and service guarantee In addition to the above discussed factors, a very important operational objective for the company to achieve would be the ensure very high reliability in the services that it provides and also providing very high service levels that would ensure its customers business work as smoothly as possible. [Critical success factors for Inflight Catering services: Singapore Airport Terminal Services practices as management benchmarks , Type: Article, Case study, Author(s): Zeph Yun Chang, Wee Yong Yeong, Lawrence Loh, Source: The TQM Magazine; Volume: 9 Issue: 4; 1997] Seamless communication and working with a vast array of partners in a global supply chain As discussed above, the operation of the company, due to the scale at which it operates is very complex where it has to coordinate multiple aspects and work with multiple partners and customers to deliver the required level of service, it is a very important operational objective that there is a very high amount of information sharing and close working together across the entire value chain that would allow for planned service delivery. This is again an important objective and is aligned with the other objectives that ensure that the company is able to deliver. Task 4 Explore the implications of changes in the general and marketing environment for organisations Task 4(A) Let us start by analysing the typology of Gate Gourmet which will then set the context for relevant objectives for Gate Gourmet. This is the key to understanding operations and any gaps in their performance: Volume: Clearly Gate Gourmet completes a high volume of daily transactions across its supply chain with 534 thousand meals a day worldwide, on average 195 million every year. It has 115 flight kitchens in 30 different countries, in locations as diverse as Hawaii, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, New York, Madrid, London, Bangkok, Sydney and Tokyo. Also, it emphasises working in unison with cleaning staff, baggage handlers and maintenance crews to ensure that the aircraft are prepared quickly for departure. Variety: Gourmet Gate faces variety across its airline customers and also within its customers due to the geographical spread of the airline operations, the customer needs differ. Creating a high variety situation for Gate Gourmet. To summarise we the following drivers for variety: Geo disperses airline organisation Geo dispersed end customers Customizations of the end product required based on airline/geo Variation in demand: Gate Gourmet faces mediocre variation in demand that typically emerges from the change in booking status of passengers which is the nature of the airline industry. While demand variation can be high during emergency situations as had been the case during the aftermath of September 2001. Visibility: The Gate Gourmet operations are not customer facing while they supply a product and service that impacts the end customer experience for their airline customers. Task 4(B) Give the 4 V analysis, we need to look at the implications for Gate Gourmet: High transaction volume would mean capital intensive operations for Gate Gourmet which will help it drive high repeatability and lower its unit costs as the volumes increases and economies of scope kick in. Gate Gourmet will also pay attention to introduce specialisation in its operations and allocated its resources as per the areas of specialisation these will be in terms of the geographic operation of the airlines and the airline itself. High variety in its business would mean Gate Gourmet operations to be flexible and aimed to meet the customer needs. The complexity that this introduces in the operations increases the unit costs. Variation in demand is though mediocre, but the Gate Gourmet needs to be in touch with demand and have the ability to anticipate the demand fluctuations and flexibility to cater to these demand variation. Capacity redundancy may not be crucial as there is no regular high variation in the demand. This factor also drives the unit costs upwards. Visibility of operations for Gate Gourmet is low for the end customer, therefore is a delay between the production and consumption of the product of Gate Gourmet. This allows for higher standardisation and staffing with resources with low contact skills. This allows high staff utilisation and centralisation of production therefore driving the unit costs down. The analysis and implications leads us to the objectives that will be key for meeting Gate Gourmets customers and end customer expectations: Dependency of delivery Order Qualifying criterion Speed of response Order Qualifying criterion Cost Order Qualifying criterion Quality Focus Order Winning criterion Flexibility- Order Winning criterion While the high volume and low visibility of the operations help Gate Gourmet standardise the operations and resourcing driving down the unit costs through economies of scope. They have also reduced the number flight kitchens by 10% from 115, when the case was published, to 97 currently and also their daily volumes have gone up by 10% hinting at strong economies of scope driving their unit costs lower. While the need for high variety and medium variation require its operations be flexible and integrate with the customer demand scenario. This drives the unit costs upwards and creates a challenge for gate Gourmet in this low margin and low cost business. Task 4(C),(D) Organisation Design: Gate Gourmet advocates the concept that the organisational structure should reflect the core processes undertaken by the business, with a manager given responsibility for each process. Under the traditional structure, if there is a problem with servicing a flight, no one manager would be responsible-the fault might lie with the purchasing manager for not ordering supplies, the equipment manager for not having the right equipment, the production manager, or the transportation manager. So, some caterers have now organised their production units based on core processes. Gate Gourmet in Geneva (Emad, 1997) identified these as Equipment Handling, Customer Management, and Goods Supply and Preparation Speed of Response: Gate Gourmet integrates tightly with its upstream and downstream supply chain partners through transparent and real time information sharing through the SCALA and e-gatematrix ensuring that the same information is available to all the partners at the same time; demonstrating backward and forward integration for creating competitive advantage. They have integrated the SC partners giving the last mile reliability to their end-customers, though they function as different organisations the information sharing couples then tightly and helping them reach rapidly to changes in their environment. It has created standardised menus in SCALA to ensure consistency and repeatability in its menus. Quality Focus: For quality Gate Gourmets global team of talented and accredited chefs is ready to serve your catering needs and deliver on your vision. (Source: http://gategourmet.gategroupmember.com/index.php/culinary) Gate Gourmet has instituted a total quality management initiative that is aimed at inculcating process quality than relying on inspection quality. This initiative is called Airline Catering On The Move Global Service Excellence and has been implemented internationally across its network of operations. This program was developed through the expert support of Dr. Donald Fisher, a globally-acknowledged expert in the quality management field. Dr. Fisher, of the Mid-South Quality Productivity Center (MSQPC). Dr. Fisher has been acting as an external consultant and has been instrumental in this initiative by bringing in his global experience and expertise. This alliance has been particularly valuable as Gate Gourmet operates in an international context as well. (Source: http://www.msqpc.com/Newsletters/Spring2003.pdf) (Source: Title: High flyer Author(s): Bettye Wells Miller Journal: Managing Service Quality) Flexibility Customer requirements of Gate Gourmet are such that it needs to assemble meals as per the specific guideline provided. Also, the packing and loading onto the service trolleys are as per specification. These service trolleys are loaded onto huge coolers and into loader trucks to send to the aircraft galleys just before the take off. Gate gourmet operates nearly 1700 of these vehicles and many of these are already equipped with cooling systems, cameras and state of the art engines to meet with the strict FDA regulations and also comply with the environmental guidelines. Cost Focus: Gate Gourmet also follows aggressive HR policies to manage its human resources and ramping down based on changes in its customer demand. It also got into union issues due to these practices in the UK in 2005. (Source: http://www.itfglobal.org/solidarity/gategourmet.cfm) Gate Gourmet is also looking at moving from permanent employee base to flexible staffing practices again in an attempt to be flexible and responsive. (Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4153366.stm) It is reported to making losses globally and trying to revamp its operations to stay profitable. (Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/15/business/worldbusiness/15iht-gate.html?_r=1) Gate Gourmet is consolidating its partnerships and acquiring logistics companies to allow it to backward integrate focussing on driving its unit operational costs lower. It is also looking at longer term contracts with it customers to assure a business volume over time. It is also innovating and getting into new lines of business to improve utilisation of its supply chain reduce its cost of operations and also drive top line growth. Gate Gourmet has entered into an alliance with ARINC Inc. (leader in onboard retail management). They are working together to promote on board sales programs for the worlds airlines and rail systems as well. This is helping Gate Gourmet improve utilization of its resources and reduce idle time. (Refer: http://www.arinc.com/news/2008/04-30-08.html) Gate Gourmet has also diversified into non-airline catering where it can use its existing supply chain to service on-land and train passengers as well e.g it has teamed up with Starbucks and railways in Portugal. (Source: http://gategourmet.gategroupmember.com/index.php/culinary/non-airline-catering) (Source: Title: Developing new products and services in flight catering Author(s): Peter Jones Journal: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management) Task 5 Plan for the implementation of a general or marketing strategy. Task 5(A) The mission and goals will help determine the business objectives that the organisation needs to achieve. Also, timelines for achieving these objectives can be set based on the mission and macro environmental factors of the organisation. The objectives and the timeliness can then be broken down into lower level objectives and activities with shorter timelines. Each of these activities will be assigned to individuals with responsibilities and also resources required to complete these activities. Each of these activities will have outcomes outlined and linked to the key performance indicators. These can then be established as milestones and linked to the key performance indicators that can be used to review the milestones and activity status. Therefore the timetable will consist of the following key elements: High Level objectives Low Level Objectives Low Level Activities Estimated duration of completion Milestones Responsible individuals and departments Resources required to complete the activities Desired outcomes KPIs to be used to evaluate milestone status Task 5(B) Task 5(C) While crafting a strategy, key performance indicators can be determined at the time of planning. A balanced scorecard typically helps determine the required KPIs along the different areas of strategic importance. Also, targeted values for these KPIs can be established during the planning process and how these need to be re-visited with time. The data required for these KPIs can be collected regularly and published as per a pre-determined schedule. These KPIs can then be compared to the target and a root cause analysis be done for those KPIs that are off the targets. Corrective action can then planned based on the root causes determined. Task 5(D) Post the difficulties that the customer airlines of Gate Gourmet were facing, Gate Gourmet decided to go with an approach of flexibility and to be able to match its cost structure with the changing financial situation of its customers. It decided to model its workforce requirement to this strategy as well and laid off workers in UK and US. However, there was an immediate backlash of these lay off specially in the UK leading to major business disruptions in Heathrow airport leading to grounding and delay of several flights prominent airlines. This had not been factored in by gate Gourmet management and they had to go for significant damage control measures post this fiasco. This indicates why Gate Gourmet should have monitored proactively the effects of its flexible strategy. The decision of the Coca Cola company to expand its operations in India as ap art of its Asian strategy was faced with issues when its expansion in Southern India was faced with stiff resistance from the local population and community on the detrimental effects of the factories on the ground water table. This again demonstrated the need to the company to monitor and factor in the community aspects of a strategy.

The Dutchman - Oppression of the Black Man :: Amiri Baraka Dutchman Essays

The Dutchman - Oppression of the Black Man The Dutchman is not a play that you would take a child to. There is no optimism, no hope of a better future, and certainly no hero. It did, however, point out several flaws in society, namely the white man's oppression black men. The entire conversation between Lula and Clay demonstrates that, even as society had become more aware of the social inequalities imposed on minorities, much of society still regarded minorities with utter contempt. It did not come as a surprise that the stereotypes that both white and black individuals were present in the play despite heightened public awareness at the time. Such stereotypes are evidenced by Lula saying, ". . .you're a well-known type . . . I know the type very well," and Clay responding, "Without knowing us specifically?" (12). Stereotypes are the first walls to break through when associating with a member of another race or culture. Lula's continual concentration on Clay's "Uncle Tom" stereotype seems to be n ot simply her own ignorance, but it symbolizes the entire white people's ignorance of black people before and during the early '60's. At the end of the play, some of the root causes of most oppression--from forcing Native Americans on reservations to the lack of social equality at the time the book was written--is pointed out: tyranny of the majority and lack of sympathy for the oppressed. When Lula tells the people who are riding on the subway to "Get this man off me!," "Open the door and throw his body out," and "all of you get off at the next stop" (37), the crowd of people obeys without hesitance. The people in the subway--the majority--allow one man to be murdered and do not even give it a second thought. This is yet another metaphor for white people turning a blind eye to human suffering. Everyone gets off the subway, acting as if nothing has happened. The fact that the other