Strategic Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vital Marketing - Research Paper Example Most of showcasing researchers tends to key promoting as a persistent, long haul process, one that is worried about explaining the current situation with the establishment, a progression of composed strides along an obviously characterized course, while others address key arranging as the organization’s characterizing of a crucial systems to accomplish objectives and goals in the best way. This paper expects to look at and break down client direction point of view of vital promoting, with a particular spotlight on client direction, buyer conduct and relationship showcasing. In a client situated association, the way toward distinguishing and reacting to the interests and needs of the client is essential, and must be seen as the key component of the company’s vital field-tested strategy. In a client arranged association, quality is characterized by the person who utilizes and at last advantages from the particular item or administration, that being the client or customer. Those in charge of fruitful organizations understand that the focal point of the association must be lined up with making consumer loyalty to the exclusion of everything else (Hinton and Schaeffer, 1994). Everyone’s work is characterized by the client. It is the client, all things considered, who at last, characterizes how well the item or administration is to be made, or conveyed (Webster, 1994). As Jack Welch, the exceptionally acclaimed CEO of General Electric, frequently reminded his workers, â€Å"Companies can’t give employer stability. Just clients can!† (Kotler, 1999, p. 20). The supervisors of responsive associations center around consumer loyalty, and bend over backward to fulfill the requirements and needs of the clients (Kotler and Armstrong, 1999). Forler Massnick, creator of The Customer is CEO (1997), has a special interest in TQM (Total Quality Management) by underlining that worth is characterized and dictated by the client. This act of persistent item improvement, saw through

Current Market Condition Analysis Free Essays

Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Karon Kanadjian ECO/365 April 10, 2013 Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Apple is presumably one of the most perceived organizations on the planet when it comes the planning, advancement, and advertising of bleeding edge innovation with items that everybody wishes to claim. Apple Inc. (Mac) was established and joined in 1977 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniack, standing out as truly newsworthy with the arrival of the Mac I PC. We will compose a custom exposition test on Current Market Condition Analysis or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now As per â€Å"Reuters Edition U. S. † (2013), â€Å" The Company’s items and administrations incorporate iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, Apple TV, an arrangement of shopper and expert programming applications, the iOS and OS X working frameworks, iCloud, and an assortment of extra, administration and backing offerings† (para. 1). With two many years of transcendently producing PCs, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac Lines, the organization started confronting rough deals and low piece of the pie. With a blend of low deals, high weight requests on the staff, and proceeded with battles in regards to the company’s heading among Jobs and Sculley his CEO, Jobs shockingly was expelled from the organization in 1985. Siegel ( 2011), â€Å"A power battle ejected among Sculley and Jobs. In the spring of 1985 Apple’s board agreed with the CEO, expelling Jobs from his order of the Macintosh group† (para. 1). He anyway came back with the best rebound in 1996 after the acquisition of NeXT by Apple. Steve Jobs presently was selected between time CEO where he propelled another corporate way of thinking of conspicuous items and straightforward structures. Today Apple has set up itself as a pioneer in the purchaser electronic and media deals businesses and has outperformed Google and Microsoft consolidated in deals with $156 billion of every 2012 (Edstrom Holt, 2012) . In an amazingly serious exchange, organizations are attempting to create consistently approaches to hold their present clients and keep on having an edge to speak to the new developing business sector of clients, particularly in these extremely intense occasions monetarily, where individuals face significantly harder dynamic decisions about the telephone they buy and the sort of administration they select. With the change from 3G’s to 4G’s, organizations are arranging an offer to their current clients just as the new clients promising great help and a lot of additional items rewards to bait them into their grasp. They perceive client devotion is a relic of days gone by with the life span of just two years for a normal clients contract before doing a change to another supplier. This quickening pattern has become a fundamental factor in organizations increasing present expectations in quality while dropping their costs particularly for cell phones. With the ascent in blogging, a potential client can get audits of phones and the distinctions of the item includes. They can decide the bit of leeway or impediment of a specific telephone offered as a little something extra with an agreement duty. Indeed, even You Tube has search locales that permit you to watch different video surveys (â€Å"Effects Of The Emerging Competition Of Cellular Phone Companies,†Ã¢ 2012). As cell phones become an essential, and indispensable piece of most people ordinary living, PDA organizations have needed to keep on focusing on the requests of this doubtful market. Numerous media transmission organizations give PDAs as a little something extra to their bundles, however the tenacious difficulty they face is, which telephone do they offer that will destroy the contenders, take a bigger portion of the market, and still figure out how to be beneficial. With this furious rivalry among the PDA suppliers, a few organizations have gone to solidification with different suppliers. Consolidating has offered their gifts to pool and offer first rate telephones and administrations. For instance, Google bought Motorolla in 2011 empowering them to contend essentially with Apple in both the product and equipment division. The equivalent goes for Microsoft, who joined forces with Nokia in creating the Windows Smartphone (â€Å"Effects Of The Emerging Competition Of Cellular Phone Companies,†Ã¢ 2012). In the event that the forecasts remain constant, the following barely any years will see more mergers permitting organizations to stay in the game. One issue influencing Apple is the competiveness from other mobile phone organizations, for example, Samsung having to some degree indistinguishable highlights on a portion of their items at a lower cost. Apple essentially faces a tremendously improving serious danger with game evolving ability. The upside of different organizations is the capacity to cover an entire assortment of items †telephones, cell phones, tablets, TVs, and residential products like ice chests (Shaughnessy, 013). During that time Apple has made costly gadgets that clients are eager to pay over $600 for a telephone, however they have to make a market in the lower value classifications of cell phones to contend with a portion of their competitor’s like Samsung who has made a clatter for quality items at a generally reasonable value run that satisfies clien t prerequisites and demands, and along these lines conceivably disregard a costly Apple gadget for a Samsung item (Shaughnessy, 2013). Unexpectedly, Louie Partners, and a previous individual from TiVo’s board, says â€Å"Apple is the one organization on the planet that’s sufficiently amazing to take on restraining infrastructures and power them to change. † Apple items have made their own after of clients who will hold up outside their stores in the downpour to get the most up to date item and their things request is viewed as generally versatile. Whichever way it is analyzed, it could infer Apple shows a potential for both interest flexibility and request inelasticity (s3hrlich, 2012) (Murray, 2012). The expenses to remain in the game are faltering. Apple has variable costs, for example, crude material costs, bundling, and work, which are legitimately engaged with the company’s producing procedure of telephones. The â€Å"A Tale Of Apple, The IPhone, And Overseas Manufacturing†Ã¢ (2012) websiteâ gives an agitating gander at Apple and offers a thorough report by Keith Bradsher and Charles Duhigg of the New York Times. The report dependent on various meetings with current Apple workers just as previous representatives concerns the iPhone creation and the act of abroad assembling. It likewise incorporates unnecessary, severe, and illicit extra time hours, risky conditions, improper, and now and again constrained work of 16-multi year-old understudy â€Å"interns† on night shifts with compensation so low that 64 % of laborers guarantee their compensation doesn't cover their fundamental needs (Eisenbrey, 2012). American’s rush to condemn Apple for its office in China utilizing 230,000 individuals, six days a work week, 12-hour movements, and a large number of the laborers procure $17 every day or less. More than one fourth of the workers live in residences thought about unfortunate to American principles. Through the endeavors of the assembling plant in China, Apple can remain on top of things. A model given was concerning the CEO Steve Jobs in 2007, short of a month prior to the new planned iPhone was to appear in stores. Occupations was enraged with the model he was conveying in his pocket half a month earlier alongside his keys, as the front glass screen was significantly damaged. He gave them just a single arrangement, to utilize glass that was unscratchable, and he needed it flawless in about a month and a half! With a mechanical production system redesignd in a Chinese processing plant and new screens showing up without further ado at the assembling office, before 12 PM a director woke up 8,000 laborers at their company’s quarters and inside an hour they started a 12-hour move fitting the new glass into the gadgets. Agreeing to â€Å"A Tale Of Apple, The Iphone, And Overseas Manufacturing†Ã¢ (2012),â † Within 96 hours, the plant was delivering more than 10,000 iPhones every day a 12-hour move fitting glass screens into sloped casings. †Ã¢ (para. 1-3). In the event that Apple required 3,000 individuals short-term, it was practiced in the processing plants of China. Might you be able to see 3,000 individuals in a U. S. plant being recruited for the time being? With modest work and creation speed as appeared, it is a major motivating force for Apple. Concurring to â€Å"A Tale Of Apple, The IPhone, And Overseas Manufacturing†Ã‚ (2012), â€Å"The whole gracefully chain is in China now,† the article cites a previous high-positioning Apple official as saying. â€Å"You need a thousand elastic gaskets? That’s the production line nearby. You need a million screws? That plant is a traffic light away. You need that screw made somewhat extraordinary? It will take three hours† (para. 1-3). The U. S. ould not rival the speed of an organization in China taking 15 days to collect 8,700 modern designers to direct representatives hoarding the iPhone. The normal U. S. organization would take up to nine months to be prepared to initiate work. This delineates a lively image of how organizations in China work versus organizations in the U. S. The cost structure for the iPhone is separated as 15 dollars to assembling cost, $207 to significant parts, $89 to different costs, making a benefit of $319. Apple’s benefit per telephone is in excess of multiple times the work cost, as indicated by Ross Eisenbrey. Macintosh has changed the world with its mechanical developments being liable for about 50,000 American occupations, yet it isn't sufficient. It needs to revamp American assembling of the past where representatives worked sensible hours and a tolerable pay was the norm. The majority of the telephone parts are collected in China or Asia in any case, on the splendid side, the glass for the iPhone made in Kentucky is restoring a Corning production line. It has developed to more than $700 million per year, utilizing near 1,000 Americans supporting the developing business sector. As the mama

Impact Of CSR On Relationship Quality And Relationship Outcomes

Question: Talk about the Impact Of CSR On Relationship Quality And Relationship Outcomes: A Perspective Of Service Employee. Answer: The corporate social obligation is viewed as the most essential thing in the previous barely any decades in numerous associations. Numerous scientists have led numerous investigates in this field since the most recent years. The exposition comprises of the examination of the previously mentioned article. The article incorporates the exploration that has been led on the connection between corporate social duty and the representatives in the association. There are four elements of CSR that have concentrated in the article; the four measurements are, financial, lawful, moral and magnanimous. The article significantly examines the apparent CSR and hierarchical responsibility in the administration part of Pakistan. The article further comprises of the examination technique. The strategy incorporated an overview technique that was led among 220 representatives of 4 to 5 star lodgings of Pakistan. The aftereffect of the discoveries uncovers that the apparent CSR has a huge and a positive co nnection with the responsibility of the organization(Lee, Kim, Lee, Li, 2012). Proposal articulation: Out off all the angles this can be referenced that the financial and the magnanimous viewpoints have more effect on the authoritative responsibility of the employees(Steenkamp, 2017). The article finishes up with the suggestion and a last end that expresses certain ramifications that can be applied to improve the connection among CSR and the workers and the purchasers. The examination incorporates certain confinements and answer for the future investigation. The impediments that the perusers may confront are that they may have a little perspective on the idea. The explanation behind this is the examination has been made constrained to 4 to 5 lodgings of Pakistan. This is the explanation the representatives couldn't get a bigger view. They got just restricted thought. Research in more lodgings could give the perusers more information. The other impediment that the peruser faces is that the investigation has been directed in the administration area of Pakistan. The perusers would get a wide perspective on this if the examination would be led in different nations also. This would empower to get a bigger stretch out of the social just as the geological angles in the administration division. The other restriction that the perusers may confront is that the investigation focuses more on the authoritative duty and not on some other area. The hierarchical duty is the reliable variable for this situation. The perusers couldn't get the situation of different associations and consequently the thought stayed confined to certain themes. These are the constraints that the perusers can confront while perusing the assignment(Salib, Sun, Wu, Wen, Huang, 2015). The exploration technique that has been talked about in the article is the strategy for estimation, the information examination and the inspecting strategy. As a free factor four perspectives were taken like monetary, lawful, moral and magnanimous. The reliable variable is the hierarchical responsibility. By leading the exploration this was discovered that the financial, legitimate and the moral CSR incorporates 7 things each though then again the altruistic CSR incorporates 8 things each. A study was directed in 4 to 5 lodgings in Pakistan. Subsequent to leading the exploration this was discovered that the administration division is commanded by guys than the females. The period of most extreme members were between 32 to 38 years. There were barely any individuals who were youthful. The conclusive outcome of the exploration led the way that the authoritative duty is because of the logical factors. CSR exercises would assist the representatives with becoming progressively dedicated t owards work. The outcomes uncover the way that there is a connection between's the hierarchical duty and the corporate social obligation. The investigation infers the way that as the degree of mindfulness expands the representatives shows greater responsibility towards the destinations of the association. The objective of the association can be accomplished if the association has an appropriate CSR framework inside their association. This makes the association all the more firm and animates them with more creation. The examination has been done in a broad way yet there are sure confinements of the exploration. There were less measures of members. The topographical territory was confined uniquely to one specific nation that is Pakistan. The main factor that has been considered in the exploration is the authoritative duty. Different angles that ought to have been considered is the fulfillment of the representatives, the presentation of the workers and the authoritative citizenship con duct. The capacity of the corporate social duty was not featured in the exploration. The last impediment that was found in the exploration framework was that the advanced frameworks were not employed(Poussenkova, et al., 2016). The significant discoveries in the article are that the workers think about the degree of corporate social obligation if there should arise an occurrence of looking for new position. The workers additionally anticipate the ecological and the social duty of the association. The treatment of the representatives has likewise been considered. The straightforwardness and reasonableness of the firm is likewise basically required. The corporate social obligation shows empowers a correspondence with the general public. The association of the firm with the general public is a significant factor. This can be led through crusades. The administration segment of any nation reacts to new social and financial needs of the cutting edge economy. It would empower the association to make a decent brand picture for them. The CSR assists with building a decent connection with the representatives and it expands the creation of the organization(Suliman, Al-Khatib, Thomas, 2016). The fundamental thought in this article is the way that CSR is a significant part of an association. The administration part ought to have a sorted out corporate social duty. This has been utilized as an advertising instrument so as to pick up the fulfillment of the customer just as the representatives. There is a connection among CSR and the shopper and representative fulfillment. The main obstruction in conceptualizing CSR is the financial components of various countries(Tai Chuang, 2014). The social desires drive the CSR and it makes complexities and contrasts for associations in both created and creating economies. Anyway there are barely any advantages of CSR simultaneously it has gigantic potential as it is useful to pull in more representatives and dazzle the current workers. The workers are thinking about to be the interior clients and they believe the general public to be the outside partners. It is the obligation of the association to deal with their representatives and the clients. The point of the investigation of the article in this manner is to look at the view of the representatives on CSR and the effect of the equivalent authoritative commitment(Clapp Rowlands, 2014). The commonsense utilizations of the thoughts in the article incorporate the way that they are at times incapable to build up the best possible arrangement of CSR in the association. The framework ought to be actualized in the correspondence framework in the association. The chief further faces the issue of actualizing the equivalent in the strategymanagement so as to improve responsibility and at last performance(Carroll, 2015). These thoughts could develop a legitimate connection among themanagement and the association. It would empower the chiefs to have a decent correspondence with the representatives and the partners of the organization. The problem of losing the certainty of the staffs can be evaded by building an appropriate relationship with them. By assuming legitimate corporate liability of the representatives this can be expressed that the relationship will stay solid inside the association and it would empower the representatives to show duty towards their work (Bhattacharya, Korschun, Sen, Routledge, 2017). It is suggested that the supervisors utilize the organized type of corporate social duty so as to accomplish the objectives of the association. They ought to have appropriate type of correspondence and they should think about the necessities of their shopper just as the representatives. A solid structure of CSR ought to be kept up in an association. The other two articles are: The Role of CSR and Responsible Gambling in Casino Employees' Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Customer Orientation Tune, H. J., Lee, H. M., Lee, C. K., Song, S. J. (2015). The job of CSR and capable betting in gambling club representatives' authoritative responsibility, work fulfillment, and client orientation.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,20(4), 455-471. Statement from the article: This examination expects to look at not just the effect of corporate social obligation (CSR) on club workers' hierarchical duty (OC), work fulfillment (JS), and client direction (CO), yet in addition the impact of mindful betting (RG) on CO. An assessment of the connections between corporate social obligation (CSR) and its interior results kim, H. L., Rhou, Y., Uysal, M., Kwon, N. (2017). An assessment of the connections between corporate social obligation (CSR) and its inward consequences.International Journal of Hospitality Management,61, 26-34. Statement from the article: The reason for this investigation is to analyze the connections between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its interior consequencesusing the inn representatives' CSR discernment, Quality of Working Life (QWL), emotional duty, hierarchical citizenship conduct (OCB), and occupation execution The explanation behind choosing these two articles is that these two articles have a wide depiction about the corporate social obligation and the act of the equivalent in the associations. The paper focuses on the job of corporate social obligation in the associations. This is the explanation the previously mentioned two articles have been taken in thi

Addressing Different Perspectives Metal vs. Pop Music free essay sample

I feel progressively loose around the individuals whose preference for music is like my own. Present day Pop music, notwithstanding, isn't for me. I discover it needs tune and cadence and is redundant. I can't stand it when the voice of the vocalist is pitched or developed misleadingly to work better with the music, which itself is for the most part electronic. Along these lines, when the melodies is done and altered, the vocalists voice (generally) is utilized only as a format to develop on and add impacts to and comes out sounding practically in no way like the artists unique voice (when eared live). At any rate an artist in Metal would change the tone of their voice normally, and to do so they require bunches of training and ability. Likewise respect the verses that go with metal music. Generally, the verses utilized in Metal or Heavy Metal melodies have a profound significance or numerous implications that would as a rule tell about past encounters of the lyricist and how they manage that experience on an enthusiastic level. We will compose a custom paper test on Tending to Different Perspectives: Metal versus Popular Music or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In Metal, the music adds to the show and reality to the story being told by the verses. This story is generally secretive, and requires a great deal of thought to disentangle and understand.Ones comprehension of the verses will now and again likewise rely upon their past encounters, and whether they have encountered something like whatever the verses of the tune are telling about. The verses in popular music are vastly different, and typically, substantially less exertion is placed into them. Regardless of whether they are recounting to a story, the story is regularly not clarified well at all in the hurry to rapidly get to the snappy melody (which is generally rehashed commonly in many tunes). In this way, significantly less ability is required to compose verses for a popular song.Unlike in metal music, where the verses re normally composed by an individual from the band or somebody with profound inclusion in the band, in popular music, they are ordinarily composed by a recruited lyricist or arranger and the artist is then just entrusted to sing the tune (which is then altered) and with negligible exertion completes an account meeting, while a Metal band would go through hours working on, recording and altering their melodies. A case of these correlations would be: Metallic Bribery Spears Perspective Two: Perspective of a Pop fan. Would wind up tuning in to generally Pop music, whose type is likewise reflected y my state of mind and by what I am doing at the time.For mod el, would tune in to something infectious and cheerful, with a decent beat while working at home or running. Yet, at that point, when Im attempting to nod off, or unwinding with a book, would tune in to something increasingly tranquil with a quiet song and a moderate beat, so it loosens up me. I concur that some Pop specialists, for example, Bribery Spears (who are extremely simply given the verses to sing, and have their voices totally altered once the melody is recorded) are somewhat ridiculous and moronic, yet and still, after all that they figure out how to convey appealing tunes.There exists, notwithstanding, a couple of Pop craftsmen who produce genuinely wonderful excellent music, without the need of mechanized altering or auto-tune as they call it. One such craftsman would, for instance, is Adele. She genuinely places her spirit and feeling into the verses she composes. These verses likewise have a profound significance and think about the lyricist past encounters, without the need of being mysterious. While delivering tunes with an appealing tune, a portion of her tunes genuinely have the right to be among the unlimited works of art Of the asss and asss, which are as yet being played every day by numerous fruitful Radio Stations.

State and local GOVT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State and neighborhood GOVT - Assignment Example Open legitimacy work force framework has gotten significant in wording or guaranteeing that government business is given to the certified people. In any case, it has been expressed, â€Å"the most noteworthy expert difficulties for open legitimacy staff are at the neighborhood level. The legitimacy guideline involves the choice and arrangement of the best individual for some random activity (Bowman and West, 2006). This is the principal case where the test comes since open arrangements have inclined towards polished skill, even at the neighborhood level. Experts interface demonstrable skill to ownership of information and are appended to assemble character. When applying issues of legitimacy for a vocation at a neighborhood level a larger number of issues other than polished skill, for example, sexual orientation and race balance issues are considered to get the most ideal individual for the activity and this is a test. In taking a gander at pay for execution frameworks, which is a sort of open legitimacy work force framework, both Perry et.al (2009) and Bowman (2010) discovered that open legitimacy faculty frameworks at the nearby level have numerous difficulties that are brought about by issues that incorporate absence of satisfactory subsidizing, failure to recognize levels of execution, absence of worker trust in merit frameworks, representative chief doubt and bureaucratic protection from merit frameworks among others (Bowman, 2009: Perry, Engbers and Jun, 2009). These issues show that the above explanation is valid. Talk about the suggestions for state and neighborhood legislatures of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1997 (Revised). http://www.opm.gov/arrangement information oversight/employing specialists/intergovernment-staff act/#url=Provisions. What issues were tended to and for what reason do you think they were remembered for the Act. The Revised Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) versatility program guidelines happened from May 29, 1997 permitting administrative offices to work effectively and profitably. The guidelines have

The effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education Essay

The adequacy of forbearance just sex instruction - Essay Example It advances sexual cease from guilty pleasure before marriage and does exclude conversation over preventative techniques. (â€Å"Abstinence-Only Sex Education†, 2011). The restraint just sex training sees forbearance from sex as the most ideal approach to control sexual wellbeing. (â€Å"Abstinence and Sex Education†, n.d.) It shares the key utilization of showing social, wellbeing and mental increases, which can be acknowledged by abstaining from extravagance in sexual acts. Bearing youngsters at a youthful age is both hurtful for the child just as the guardians and society. It advances the forbearance from liquor and medication mishandling which prompts expanded want for sexual intercourses. It likewise instructs one to get independence before reveling into a sexual movement. (â€Å"Abstinence and Sex Education†, n.d.) The consolidated training dependent on both restraint and extensive based is frequently alluded as forbearance in addition to. (â€Å"Abstinenc e and Sex Education†, n.d.) Abstinence-just sex instruction is seen as losing control in the ongoing years. This sort of instruction is a broken or negative perspective on contraception. It is required to give purchasers off base data and the young people are insightful buyers. (Thomas, 2009) Education on sexuality is a hot catch point in schools and is related with the social and parental understanding of off-base or right and with the people’s affectability towards strict and individual independence. Pelvic fiery ailments are a result of untreated or wastefully treated conceptive tract maladies. It is answerable for sterility and impotency among lady and can prompt ectopic pregnancies, malignancies of conceptive tract, premature births and stillbirths. (Collins, Alagiri and Summers, 2002) The prime motivation behind why adolescents don't decide on the utilization of contraception is because of liquor and medication misuse. A correspondingly dependable monogamous sexua l relationship with regards to marriage is the normal benchmark of sexual acts. Outside the setting of wedding sexual movement is probably going to have negative mental and physical impacts. (Collins, Alagiri and Summers, 2002) The influenced youth may incorporate explicitly encounters youngsters, explicitly manhandled teenagers, destitute and runaway adolescents, gay and lesbian youth too. The gay, lesbian and cross-sexual adolescents face different outcomes also, as badgering and brutality lastly they will in general submit mass self destruction. Bisexuals are deserted by their relatives and are denied of both open and private medicinal services frameworks. (Collins, Alagiri and Summers, 2002) In many nations the gay people, bisexuals and transgender young people (LGBT) are frequently dismissed in sex instruction classes, which incorporate absence of conversation in regards to manual, oral, and butt-centric sex rehearses in respects of various dangers for contracting lethal concep tive tract infections. (â€Å"Sex Education†, 2011) STATISTICAL DATA OF IMPACT OF ABSTINENCE-ONLY SEX EDUCATION OVER PEOPLE The University of Pennsylvania distributed the way that just a single third of 6th seventh grade teenagers who considered forbearance just sex instruction had sexual intercourses in the following two years. The examination is called â€Å"game changing† by defenders of forbearance just sex training. (â€Å"Abstinence-Only Sex Education†, 2011) Abstinence and thorough based methodologies of sex training can be joined to have expanded effect on individuals. (â€Å"

Emotions And Logic In Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Hamlet: Emotion vs Logic One of the many talents of Shakespeare is how well he can portray the complexity of a character. He perfectly captures how complicated people can be, while maintaining the story driven aspects of a character. For example, in Hamlet, the title character is captivating because he is complicated. Shakespeare portrays Hamlet as emotionally driven, yet logical. Hamlet is a very emotional and impulsive character. The relationship he has with his mother is a great example of this. Despite his obvious reasoning in being upset with his mother for marrying Claudius shortly after King Hamlets death, Hamlet is still unnecessarily flippant and belittling towards her, annoying her to the point of asking, What have I done, that thou darest wag thy tongue in noise so rude against me? (Shakespeare). He also frustrates and out-smarts Polonius with his responses, who exclaims, How pregnant sometimes his replies are! (Shakespeare, Act II, 211). He also says that Hamlet bears a happiness that often madness hits on, which reason and sanity could not so prosperously be delivered of (Shakespeare, Act II, 212-214). The reader is shown through Hamlets interactions with other characters that he is a cynical and pessimistic character. His pessimism will influence his future decisions and perceptions of events. Despite the force of his emotion, Hamlet is also logical and almost fixated on the details of his problems. For instance, although Hamlet believes instinctively that Claudius murdered his father, he goes to great lengths to investigate his suspicion in order to confirm it, and he sets up an elaborate ruse that is intended to provoke the revelation of Claudiuss guilt. The plays the thing wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king, he says at the end of Act II, Scene II (Shakespeare). The play that Hamlet arranges is cleverly designed and he has a maniacal sense of purpose and attention to detail. He tells the actors to convey the authenticity of their characters, issuing the directive that they should, as stated in one of the important quotes from Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you./Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand,/for/in the very torrent, tempest, and/the whirlwind of passion, you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness (II.i.1-2; 5-10). Still, even his seemingly singular dedication to bringing the play to the stage is not entirely straightforward. Hamlet is deeply conflicted about the choices he is making to avenge his fathers death. In a moving monologue, Hamlet pauses and takes the time to examine his motives and his very character: I am pigeon-liverd and lack gall/Why, what an ass am I! This is most brave,/That I Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with/ words,/And fall a-cursing, like a very drab, a scullion! (II.ii.602; 611-617). Yet just before the play begins, Hamlet is giddy with anxiety and anticipation, as Ophelia notes: You are merry, my lord (III.ii.128). In sum, one of the most interesting and compelling aspects of Hamlet as a tragic character is that he is not quite sure who he is and spends the play working on developing a sense of self a difficult task given his circumstances. Clearly, Hamlet is still in the process of learning about his own complex identity, and is struggling with self-acceptance. At the time of his death, he has not fully resolved or accepted these complexities. In fact, it is his uncontrolle d behavior and failure to resolve his emotions that precipitates his own death. Hamlet also recognizes the complexity of other characters. He helps the reader, albeit in an indirect manner, to see these complexities. In fact, Hamlet may be even more successful in recognizing others multi-faceted nature than accepting his own, with the notable exceptions of his mother and Claudius, for whom he can only feel a singular disgust. When confronted by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern about the Kings and Queens reaction to the play, Hamlet affirms that he lack[s] advancement in understanding his own troubles. However, there are many examples of Hamlets acknowledgment of others complexity. When Horatio praises Hamlets father as a goodly king, (I.ii.187), for instance, Hamlet, who did respect his father deeply, replies, He was a man, take him for all in all (I.ii.188). Unfortunately, Hamlet lacks the ability, and never develops it, to turn such insight inwards. It is not unusual for characters in literary works to appear more one-dimensional than people in real life actually are. Authors often develop a character type as a means of exploring a particular human quality, whether this type is positive or negative. The different character types are then situated within a physical and temporal setting and a plot, and are cast against one another with the purpose of eliciting the readers empathy or disapproval, thereby conveying moral or social lessons to the reader. Although this technique of character development is often successful, it can also be limiting. As this thesis statement for Hamlet suggests, one of Shakespeares many achievements was creating characters who were complex and believable, even though their lives and circumstances are so distinct from those of the contemporary reader. Rather than reduce his players to a single character type, Shakespeare trusted that the reader could, along with the character, explore the shallows and depths of each persons complexity. In doing so, the reader gains an appreciation not only for the full range of feeling and experience in this work, but also in his or her own life.

Research and Explore Assignment Analyzing Myki Project - 2200 Words

Research and Explore Assignment: Analyzing Myki Project (Research Paper Sample) Content: Myki ProjectBy NameCourseProfessorUniversityCity/StateDateCase backgroundThe ticketing system in the public transport operations of Victoria depends on various forms of services. Passengers may use the myki for buses, v/line and metropolitan commuter trains or regional buses. Paper tickets are also used for long distance transport, regional buses and V/Line coach services (Ptv.vic.gov.au, 2015). The myki was developed in July 2005 after the state of Victoria entered into a contract that initiated the smartcard technology into the ticketing system. The contactless smartcard system is valid in the public transport in Melbourne and Victoria regions. The myki was developed to replace the metcard system and other ticketing systems used on regional buses. According to the contract terms, the myki was to be operational beginning July 2007. The myki system uses the myki smart card that which is used for travel payments. The smart card technology stores money value and travel pass. Another component in the system is operational devices such as card vending, payment devices, hand-held devices, and top-up equipment (Ptv.vic.gov.au). Apart from facilitating payments, these devices enable the translation of information stored in the cards and promptly transmit it to the back office. The back office is the third component which supports operations and communication in the myki project (Operational Effectiveness of the myki Ticketing System, 2015 p.2).Strategic objective of the projectAn efficient and well-designed ticketing system is the pillar for a properly functioning public transport system in Victoria. Apart from replacing the Metcard system, the justification of the initial investment on the myki project was that it would benefit the Victorians significantly by providing an attractive and efficient transport system. In terms of economic benefits, the project was expected to give $6.3-$10.8 million annually to the state that would enhance public transpor t, provide the best value-for-money at low costs of living (Operational Effectiveness of the myki Ticketing System, 2015). The revenues would also facilitate continuous operation of the new system after expiry of the Metcard. Additionally, the users and transport operators would also benefit from convenient payment options, efficient boarding operations, and flexible user patterns due to the various fare structures and differential pricing. Myki being an open-architecture system it would also allow additional upgrading components gradually. This would assist the state to avoid overreliance on a few vendors.The Public Transport Victoria (PTV) aims at improving tourism in the state through excellent customer service and attractive travel experience. Since the Melbourne trains and regional buses are a convenient way to explore the citys historic sites, tourist attractions, sporting and shopping venues, Myki would make transport easier and enjoyable for visitors and residents hence enco uraging tourism that would increase the citys revenues. Providing necessary information that agencies need for effective management and planning was another objective of the project.Project organization/structureThere are various organizational strategies that sought to introduce the system across the states transport sector. The myki ticketing system was initially implemented in the metropolitan regions including Hong Kong, London and Singapore and adjacent regions. However, there is the challenge of merging a range of different transport charges across rural and metropolitan areas.In metropolitan Melbourne, the myki project has been incorporated in:20 train lines and 208 stations500 trams in 24 routes1753 buses in 346 routes 127 routes used by regional busesAdditionally, the myki system has a broad range of ticketing charges that apply zoned and time based modes in charging with frequent discounts. Each card scan produces approximately 150 Transportation rules and a million transp ortation transaction permutations making it an advanced smartcard technology globally (Ptv.vic.gov.au, 2015). Initial implementation was on regional buses in 2008.In December 2009, the system was implemented in Metropolitan trams then in July 2010 the buses used the system. By December 2012, the myki was the only valid public transport system which led to the abolishment of the Metcard system. The myki also replaced the use of paper tickets across several services in Victoria (Operational Effectiveness of the myki Ticketing System, 2015 p.4).The initial overall development and delivery phase was an addition of nine years to the initially expected period of two years. Research reveals that the average time taken for similar smartcard projects is often five years or more.Evaluation of options /alternatives early in the project and choice madeThe performance of the front end planning phase of the myki project was complex and its application in project development was challenging. Perfo rmance measures were to be used upon completion of the project. Monitoring and performance evaluation was necessary for effective development of the project. TV developed a revised performance strategy that has motivated the contractor through incentives hence addressing faults and system upgrades are done effectively. Additionally there was emphasis on the credibility of the systems financial information (Operational Effectiveness of the myki Ticketing System, 2015). Critical success criteriaAlthough a project may be completed within the set budget and required timelines, there are other factors that contribute to long-term success of the project after implementation. Success criteria of a project are mainly measured by the level of satisfaction it yields to various stakeholders including users, contractors, foreign clients and project team. In regards to the myki project, one of the main objectives was to benefit the economy by generating profits. Its success was evident in 2014 as it produced $800 million worth of revenues from active cards (Operational Effectiveness of the myki Ticketing System, 2015 p.4). However, there was a significant increase in operation costs compared to the original budget. Amendments made to the operating budget resulted to increase in expenditure by 55 per cent until 2016.The additional costs over the initial budget were due to the parallel operation of the Metcard system with the myki system which continued beyond the agreed termination timeline.Another success criterion was that the new system operated was quickly adopted in the initial areas of implementation. It was evident that commuters were willing to use the new system since, by December 2014, the project had issued around 13 million myki cards with 7 million transactions being processed weekly from active cards (Operational Effectiveness of the myki Ticketing System, 2015). The smartcard system is also easy to use and convenient since it is applicable across Victoria. T he cards are also easy to access and are rechargeable by phone, vending machines, online or retail outlets. Additionally, the myki system can calculate lowest travel fare charges by touching on and off for every travel. However, lack of a satisfactory experience from the project team limited the success of the myki project. Due to changes in time and costs estimates significant amendments were made to the contract which affected its viability and caused conflict among the contractors and management because of delayed payments (Pro, IT and Labor underestimated myki cost and complexity).Criteria success factorsThe factors that contribute to the success of a project can be influenced by the project team to eventually achieve a positive outcome.Initial planning of a projectAlthough contractual amendments were necessary for the continuity of the myki project, they caused increased costs and delays which reduced the scope of the project and compromised the expected benefits. The changes i ndicate that initial planning and designing of the project failed to consider its complexity and more time should have been taken to define precisely responsibilities and milestones in the contract (Pro, IT and Labor underestimated myki cost and complexity). Specified functional performance and responsibilitiesThe initial myki project contract was quite large and complex hence it was unclear whether the functional responsibilities were within the scope. The principal responsibilities of fundamental agencies in the project were not well defined. This caused a delay in decision making especially in the initial stages of development and implementation of the myki systemManageable TimeframesAnother factor that limited the success of the project was the initial unrealistic time frames. The termination of the Metcard system by 2007 was a time frame of two years which proved to be unrealistic and affected the contract since contractors were unable to meet requirements.Monitoring Performanc e of contractors The structure of the myki project contract gave limited flexibility to suspension or termination of the project to address any major challenges or underperformance. Any arising issues had to be addressed in the course of building the project which affected the contractors ability to meet the needed milestones for effective project delivery.Financial managementThe planning and operating phases of the contract were not financially viable. It was clear that unplanned commencement of operations would have significant cost implications because the project scope also included card distribution, revenue collection and system maintenance that had not been accommodated in the initial contract (HeraldSun). Management, involvement, and interaction of stakeholdersThe Transport Ticketing Authority (TTA), established in 2003...

Virtual Frog Dissection Quiz

female frog START THE FROG DISSECTION QUIZ Frog Anatomy Anatomical Terms and Body Planes Interactive Frog DissectionNet Frog Online Dissections

Health Determinants - 1423 Words

TITLE By student’s Name Course Code + Name Professor’s Name Institution DATE Health Determinants Introduction Health plays an important factor in the everyday life. In our society, there are those who stay healthy while others always unhealthy. In the field of nursing, it is important to find out reasons as to why lack of health is a continuing problem in the society. This is the key to becoming effective in the sector. The parameters that define health are known as health determinants. These range from social, economic, personal, and environmental factors. This is an important topic as it holds the key to the professional nursing practise. Dealing with health issues is no longer an easy affair as it was earlier. In the†¦show more content†¦In the long, a certain community become prone to certain diseases than others. For nursing to be effective, it will call for the establishment of those policies that ensure equality of participation, contribution, and opportunity (Potter and Perry, 2006). Individual Health Practices and Coping Skills Individual health practices and coping skills are those activities that people are able to employ with an aim of promoting health care, preventing diseases, solving certain problems, or developing self reliance. These factors are majorly lifestyle- related. This means that the personal health practices involve certain individual choices. It should be noted that these individual choices are mostly influenced by the social, environmental, and economic factors. In most cases, all these factors would be play within places where a person stays, grows, work, and/or learns. In today’s world, human kind is presented with a lot of choices to embrace. Some of these choices adversely affect the health condition of individuals. Research has shown that heart diseases are very much associated with the psychological and biochemical pathways linkable with socioeconomic events. An example of individual health choice is smoking. The numbers of smoke rs continue to increase by each year among the younger generation. In Canada, this rate has been found in certain communities like the Aboriginals. Other hazardous behaviours that adversely affect health include: unprotected orShow MoreRelatedThe Social Determinants Of Health2207 Words   |  9 Pagesdisadvantage and significantly more health problems than the non-Aboriginal Torres strait Islander population in Australia† The social determinants of health Health as a whole is determined by the quality of life, as well as an individuals’ ability to create personal positive social and physical environments. These environments include homes, schools, workplaces and the community as a whole. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2003), the social determinants of health are conditions in whichRead Moredeterminants of health Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Health Promotion Essay- The Determinants of Health The determinants of health are economic and social conditions that affect people’s health status. These influence the living and working conditions that impacts people’s everyday living condition. Factors such as the place and the environment we live in, genetics, educational level or work status and income, as well as friends and family are some of the aspects that affects our health condition. On the other hand, the people that have an accessRead MoreHealth Policies and Health Determinants1438 Words   |  6 PagesReceived - A Discuss the ways that health can be conceptualized by a society. What are the determinants of health in humans? What is the connection between how a society defines health and how it pursues health? Has increased access to technology changed that perception over the last decade? Discuss the connection between health policies, health determinants, and health. Abstract Health policies, health determinants and health are all categories that are intertwinedRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1377 Words   |  6 Pages A group of fellow students and my self conducted a public health walk in the area of hackney borough. Our aim was to observe the community and how their surroundings affected their health. On 4th November 2014, we met at 10am and started our walk at St. Johns church. Prior to this day we met up to plan on our walk and how we will conduct it. While on our walk we observed how diverse and cultural the area was, we observed the people socialising in the street, the services available for these peopleRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1170 Words   |  5 PagesSocial determinants of health are social, economic and physical factors that affect the health of individuals in any given population. There are fourteen social determinants of health but Income is perhaps the most important of these because it shapes living conditions, influences health related behaviors, and determines food security. In Canada, people with lower incomes are more susceptible to disease/ conditions, higher mortality rate, decreased life expectancy and poorer perceived health than peopleRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health3749 Words   |  15 PagesHealth Promotion is an important aspect among health and the wellbeing of individuals. In order to solve the challenges facing nutrition and food practice, health promotion is way to allow individuals and the community to increase and take control over their health. The concept of Health promotion examines the implications of food and health, ethics and diversity in food and nutrition. It is very meaningful to many individuals who lack support or facing challenges because it allows professionalsRead MoreDeterminants Of Health And Health Of Canada Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesDeterminants of health are specific categories in a person s life which impact their mental and physical health. Brought into light by a report produced for the Government of Canada by the minister of national health and welfare Marc Lalonde in 1974 tit led A new perspective on the health of Canadians Ottawa. The report sought to move healthcare in Canada from a purely physiological process into one which included preventative measures from environment and lifestyle. This behavioural approach wasRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthat are not in the proper state of health. The purpose of using social determinants is to create the optimal social/physical environment that will contribute and allow individuals to enjoy a healthier lifestyle, and thus become healthier. (Social Determinants of Health - Healthy People, n.d., p. 01) The Five key areas that are addressed in the social determinants of health are: Economic Stability, Education, Social and Community Context, Health and Health Care, and Neighborhood and Built EnvironmentRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health873 Words   |  4 Pages Better research on immigrant health and health outcomes would go a long way to shining a light on how to tackle these problems. The current debate in the research concentrates on social determinants of health such as acculturation, which of course influences a lot of other health and healthcare decisions made by immigrants. However, only focusing on social determinants of health undermines the importance of other factors that also heavily affect immigrant health in the United States. SpecificallyRead MoreThe Determinants Of Health And Wellbeing2634 Words   |  11 Pages The Determinants of Health Wellbeing Public Health of an individual The purpose of this assignment is to analyse a public health issue that is an occurring issue with a service user I have come in contact with during practice. Obesity is the public health issue that will be discussed and the policy that relates to it ‘Reducing obesity and improving diet’ which was published by (Department of Health, 2013). This policy addresses the public health issue and provides ideas

Short Story - 1519 Words

The mental struggle to move was overpowered by physical restrictions, but the fight of determination was forceful, his words broke free of the strain and he finally managed to answer the voice that repeatedly called his name. But the voice was not the only call for his attention, someone was touching his foot. â€Å"Runny? Runny?† The voice projected barely above a whisper and the contact on his left leg became ignorable. He tried to sit up, but sharp unbearable pains rushed through his body. He fought to become fully alert and was unable to contrast the variation of voices that called out his name. Seconds later, the room was filled with staff members who were moving about in a panicking manner. Among the attendees was, Dr. Gwen, who bent the†¦show more content†¦The doctor turned to start the process, but Mini clutched his arm, almost startling the doctor. The doctor eye’s travel to Mini’s grip that tightly held his arm, making him quite uncomfortable. His eyes meet Mini’s eyes. â€Å"Doc, please don’t let me die.† Chapter 2 â€Å"Mr. Clem?† Dr. Gwen entered the hospital room, his eyes rapidly moved over Mini’s entire body, observing his patient like the eyes of a hawk. He grabbed the medical chart and examined it thoroughly, he looked over the chart before he dropped it and spoke. â€Å"I’m going to be discharging you today. I’m prescribing you pain pills to alleviate any pains. I’ve also sent in an order to the county jail for physical rehabilitation.† Mini looked the doctor squarely in his eyes, his gaze commissioned for the truth. â€Å"So how long will it be before I’m able to walk?† â€Å"Copy that.† The deputy sheriff’s radio announced its presence. Both Mini and the doctor turned to the sheriff who was sent to escort Mini, he reached to his side and lowered the volume. The doctor turned back to Mini. â€Å"Well, Mr. Clem. That all depends on you and your determination. You are all set to go. I should see you again in six weeks,† He reached his hand out to shake Mini’s hand. â€Å"Good luck, Mr. Clem.† The doctor turned toward the officer. â€Å"Give me a moment and I will have the nurse summon an ambulance to transportShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

John Dickson Book Critique - 1255 Words

Liberty Theological Seminary John Dickson Book Critique Humilitas: A Lost Key to Life, Love, AND Leadership A paper Submitted to Dr. Donald Hicks In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Preventing Ministry Failure Lead 625 By Dwight Chavis February 22, 2014 Table of Contents Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 1 Critique †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...page 2 Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...page 4 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........page 4 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......page 5 SUMMARY Author John Dickson has written a book on a word that is often misunderstood and misused. In his book Humilitas: A Lost Key to Life, Love, AND Leadership, He†¦show more content†¦He writes, â€Å"Uppermost in a father’s mind in the ancient world was not whether his son would be happy (in the modern sense) or make money to live morally, but whether the boy would bring honour to the family.† Dickson illuminates for the reader that there was a time when humility was simply regarded as weakness, and was seen as inconsequential in the pursuit of one’s honor. The greatest area of his work lies and is found in the way he was able to show how Jesus started the revolution toward the pursuit of humility in a time when the honor-shame society was at its height. He attributes the success of Jesus in the area not to Jesus’ persona exactly, but rather his execution. Crucifixion was the ancient world’s ultimate punishment and Jesus suffered a dea th that was reserved for slaves and political rebels. This death Dickson describes as the turning point because Christians came to see the death of Jesus not as the evidence of Jesus’ humiliation, but proof that greatness can be seen in times of immense suffering. Jesus called Himself a king yet he suffered the death of a common slave. Dickson’s work is great in this area because he is able to show that Jesus showed humility while perfectly modeling and persuading toward humility over self-enlargement. EVALUATION Although Dickson wants this book to be a practical view on the subject of humility, this book should be viewed as a self help book. This book is very practical and it uses some personal illustrationsShow MoreRelatedAction Research Literature Review2754 Words   |  12 Pages1996; Susman and Evered, 1978). These can be summarised as follows:  § The impossibility of achieving the assumption of objectivity in research findings and outcomes as well as the ability to control a limited number of research variables.  § A critique of the notion of researchers attaining a detached/value free/neutral position and a recognition of the existence of oppressive ideologies and vested interests;  § A questioning of a ‘scientific approach and the features of generalisability, establishingRead More British-Chinese Relations in the Nineteenth Century and Alicia Bewicke Littles Novel, A Marriage in China4897 Words   |  20 PagesLittle had an ideological stake in Chinas future as the founder of the first Western anti-footbinding movement in China. By combining realistic slice of life details with imaginative fable, Little creates characters and situations that mirror and critique the attitudes and solutions proposed by these different groups. In other words, in A Marriage in China, Little both reinforces and dooms to failure the imagined history of British-Chinese relations: that is, the long and increasingly burdensomeRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe / Emily Dickinson3782 Words   |  16 Pagesoverflowing of emotions, with â€Å"lyrical ballads† maintaining that all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling. The romantic period in American literature, which included writers like Washington Irving, Emerson, Thoreau, Emily Dickson, Edgar Allen Poe, Nathanial Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and others. Romanticism is a movement in the arts that flourished in Europe and America throughout much of the 19th century from the period of the French revolution in 1789. RomanticRead MoreUnethical Behaviour12228 Words   |  49 PagesExamples of unethical behavior of seemingly successful leaders abound in business, government, and religion. Names like Kenneth Lay, Andrew Fastow, and Jeffrey Skilling of Enron; Dennis Koslowski of Tyco; Eliot Spitzer, former Governor of New York; John Edwards, former U.S. Senator from North Carolina; and Archbishop Bernard Law of the Boston Roman Catholic Diocese bring to mind those whose previous success ended in humiliation. As a result, several sobering questions arise including how leaders madeRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreSarasvathy, Causation and Effectuation-Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to14504 Words   |  59 Pagessimple assumptions of rationality (implying causal reasoning) in their choice behavior. The causation process used in the example here is typified by and embodied in the procedures stated by Philip Kotler in his Marketing Management (1991: 63, 263), a book that in its many editions is consid- 246 Academy of Management Review April ered a classic and is widely used as a textbook in MBA programs around the world. Kotler defines a market as follows: A market consists of all the potentialRead MoreOrganization Restructuring26680 Words   |  107 PagesRESISTANCE TO CHANGE: Are participants likely to resist change? How can that be overcome? 15. MAINTAINING CHANGE: What should be done to minimize the return to old habits? 16. FOLLOW-UP: Is follow-up needed? 17. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS/CRITIQUE: What else do we need to know? 18. REFERENCES: Citations (particularly for Sections 5 (a b), 13, and 14) are provided. TABLE OF CONTENTS Intervention Name Page Total Quality Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 EmployeeRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words   |  64 PagesASSIGNMENTS †¢ SYLLABUS †¢ DISCUSSION †¢ CLOSE READINGS CLOSE READINGS Post your close reading posts here. Share this: †¢ Twitter †¢ Facebook †¢ Like this: Like Loading... [pic] 26 Comments on â€Å"CLOSE READINGS† 1. [pic]John Cooper says: July 13, 2011 at 3:36 pm Emily Dickenson’s poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† details the events the narrator experiences after dying. In the poem, the narrator is driven around in a horse-drawn carriage to severalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSuzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, OneRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge

Has Gallo Proven The Role Of Hiv In Aids Essay Example For Students

Has Gallo Proven The Role Of Hiv In Aids? Essay Introduction In 1982, Robert Gallo from the National Cancer Institute in the USA, put forward the hypothesis that the cause of AIDS is a retrovirus. One year later, Myron Essex and his colleagues (1) found that AIDS patients had antibodies to the Human T-cell Leukemia virus Type-1 (HTLV-I), a virus discovered by Gallo a few years earlier. At the same time, Gallo and his colleagues (2) reported the isolation of HTLV-I from AIDS patients and advocated a role for this retrovirus in the pathogenesis of AIDS. This hypothesis however, was not without a few problems: 1. While HTLV-I was accepted to induce T4-cell proliferation and cause adult T-cell leukaemia,(3) the hallmark of AIDS was T4-cell depletion, and the incidence of leukaemia in AIDS patients was no higher than in the general population; 2. The highest frequency of antibodies to this virus was found in Japan, yet no AIDS cases had been reported from that country;(4) 3. In the same month in which Gallos and Essexs groups reported their data, Luc Montagnier and his colleagues from the Pasteur Institute, described the isolation of a retrovirus, later known as Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV), from the lymph nodes of a homosexual patient with lymphadenopathy.(5) Although this virus was similar to HTLV-I, one of its proteins, a protein with a molecular weight of 24,000 (p24), did not react with monoclonal antibodies to the HTLV-I p24 protein. Samples of this virus were, on several occasions, sent to Gallos laboratory. In May 1984, Gallo, Popovic and their colleagues published four papers in Science in which they claimed to have isolated from AIDS patients, another retrovirus, which they called HTLV-III.(6,7,8,9) On the 23rd of April 1984, before the Science papers were published, Gallo and Margaret Heckler, the then Health and Human Services Secretary called a press conference to announce that Gallo and his co-workers had found the cause of AIDS and had developed a sensitive test to show whether the AIDS virus is present in blood. In 1985, the Pasteur Institute alleged that Gallo had misappropriated LAV in developing the blood test. The ensuing conflict, which reached the American courts, was eventually settled by a negotiated agreement signed in 1987 by Gallo, Montagnier, US President Reagan and French Premier Chirac. The agreement declared Gallo and Montagnier to be co-discoverers of the AIDS virus, presently known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Nevertheless, the misappropriation conflict drew the attention of John Crewdson, an investigative journalist, and US Senator John Dingell. In November 1989, Crewdson published a lengthy article in the Chicago Tribune newspaper, With allegations that Robert C. Gallo stole from French scientists the virus he discovered to be the cause of AIDS. (10) This led to a National Institute of Health (NIH) internal inquiry into the allegation with an outside committee of expert but disinterested parties led by Yale biochemist Frederic Richards to oversee the activity of the internal panel.(11) Following the inquiry, which was viewed as a fact-finding mission, the Richards committee insisted on a formal investigation on suspect data in one of four seminal papers published by Gallos lab in Science on 4 May 1984.(12) In this paper, the first of a series of four, with Mikulas Popovic the principal author, their appears to be differences between what was described in the paper and what was done. (10) A draft report of the formal investigation written by NIH Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI), was published in September 1991. In the draft report, Popovic is accused of misconduct for misstatements and inaccuracies that appeared in the paper, and that Gallo, as laboratory chief, created and fostered conditions that give rise to falsified/ fabricated data and falsified reports. However, Gallos actions were not considered to meet the formal definition of misconduct.(13) The final draft report of the OSI, completed in January 1992, was immediately criticised by the Richards Panel as well as Senator Dingell. This led to a review of the OSI report by the Office of Research Integrity (ORI), which found Gallo guilty of scientific misconduct. Nonetheless, the scientific misconduct is said not to negate the central findings of the 1984 Science paper. Asian Philosophies of Critical Thinking Essay Among the recipients of WBI blood, 36% were WBI 6 months after transfusion, but so were 42% of individuals who received WB-negative samples. Both donors and recipients of blood remained healthy. They concluded that WBI patterns are exceedingly common in randomly selected donors and recipients and such patterns do not correlate with the presence of HIV-1 or the transmission of HIV-1, most such reactions represent false- positive results; 3. Antibodies to p24 have been detected in 1 out of 150 healthy individuals, 13% of randomly selected otherwise healthy patients with generalised warts, 24% of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and prodrome and 41% of patients with multiple sclerosis;(52) 4. Ninety seven percent of sera from homosexuals with ITP and 94% of sera from homosexuals with lymphandenopathy or AIDS contain an antibody that reacts with a 25Kd membrane antigen found in platelets from healthy donors and AIDS patients, as well as a 25 Kd antigen found in green-monkey kidney cells, human skin fibroblasts, and herpes simplex cultured in monkey kidney cells. This reaction was absent in sera obtained from non-homosexual patients with ITP or non-immune thrombocytopenic purpura;(48) 5. Conversely, the p24 antigen is not found in all HIV positive or even AIDS patients. In one study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and p24 were used to detect HIV in patients at various CDC stages from asymptomatic to AIDS. p24 was detected in 24% patients and HIV RNA in 50%;(53) 6. In another study, In half of the cases in which a subject had a positive p24 test, the subject later had a negative test without taking any medications that would be expected to affect p24 antigen levels the test is clinically erratic and should be interpreted very cautiously.(54) Thus the finding of viral particles in the AIDS cultures/co- cultures, RT and proteins which react with AIDS related sera in the material from the supernatant or cell lysates which in sucrose density gradients bands at 1.16 gm/ml, cannot be considered synonymous with the isolation or even the detection of a retrovirus. Even if a retrovirus is isolated from in vitro cultures/co-cultures from tissues from AIDS patients, this does not, by itself, constitute proof of the existence of the virus in vivo, (in AIDS patients), and even less that the retrovirus has been exogenously acquired. This is because: 1. At present, it is generally accepted that one of the most striking features that distinguish retroviruses from all other animal retroviruses is the presence, in the chromosomes of normal uninfected cells, of genomes closely related to, or identical with those of infectious viruses. The human genome, in addition to other proviral sequences, is known to contain both HTLV-I (55,56) and HIV (57) sequences. Depending on conditions, the proviral genome remains unexpressed or part or all of it may be expressed. The latter may or may not lead to the assembly of viral particles (endogenous retrovirus).(17) In animal cultures, healthy non-virus producing cells sooner or later spontaneously release retroviruses.(20) The appearance and yield can be increased by (i) mitogenic stimulation;(58) (ii) co-cultivation techniques;(59) (iii) cultivation of cells with supernatant from non-virus producing cultures.(60) According to one eminent retrovirologist, George Todaro, the failure to isolate endogenous viruses from certain species may reflect thelimitation of in vitro cocultivation techniques;(61) 2. Gallos team, like everybody else: (i) isolated HTLV-III (HIV) from cell cultures; (ii) isolated HTLV-III from mitogenically stimulated, activated cell cultures; 3. In addition, Gallo and his colleagues also used co-cultivation techniques; 4. The first HTLV-III isolation was from the HT (H4, H9, H17) cell line. Reading Gallo and his colleagues first paper, one surmises that the HT cell line was established in Gallos laboratory. The Gallo inquiry revealed that the HT cell line is in fact HUT78, a cell line established in another laboratory from a patient with mature T4-cell leukaemia, a disease which Gallo claims is caused by the exogenous retrovirus, HTLV-I.(3) If so, then all HT cell cultures, and the clones derived from it, infected with HTLV-III or non-infected, and the material from these cultures which bands at 1.16 gm/ml, should contain HTLV-I, and thus RT and retroviral particles. Furthermore, because about 25% of AIDS patients have antibodies to HTVL-I,(1) and the immunogenic proteins of HTLV-I and HIV have the same molecular weights, then approximately 25% of the non-infected HT (H4, H9, H17) cultures in addition to RT and particles, should have, in the Western blot, the same bands as those of the HTLV-III infected cultures. Thus, these WBs will erroneously appear positive for HTLV-III. Proof that HTLV-III (HIV) is causally linked to AIDS. Gallo claims, a claim accepted by the vast majority of AIDS researchers, that in the May 1984 Science papers he and his colleagues presented unambiguous evidence that this and this alone was the cause of AIDS.(62) A minimum requirement for making such a claim should be presentation of the following evidence: 1. That all AIDS patients are infected with HTLV-III; 2. Infection with HTLV-III leads to T4-cell depletion, given the assumption that HTLV-III leads to the clinical syndrome by its T4 cytotoxicity. The evidence for the existence of HTLV-III was viral isolation and ELISA antibody tests. Even if one assumes that the data presented represents true isolation, the virus was isolated from less that half (10/21) of AIDS patients with opportunistic infections, and in less than one third (13/43) with Kaposis sarcoma, then and now the two most characteristic AIDS diseases. Even if the virus could have been isolated from all patients, given the nature of retroviruses and the method used for HTLV-III isolation (cultures, mitogenic stimulation, co- cultivation) the possibility cannot be excluded that the virus did not exist in vivo (in AIDS patients), and that it was a provirus whose expression was facilitated by the culture conditions. The only method used to prove HIV infection in vivo was the antibody tests. Such a test can only be used only after its specificity has been proven by use of the only possible gold standard, the virus itself. This has not been done. Furthermore, the antibody test used by Gallo was ELISA, at present known to be non-reproducible and non-specific. In a study of 1.2 million healthy military applicants conducted by Colonel Donald Burke and his colleagues,(63) it was found that although approximately 1% of all individuals had an initial positive HIV ELISA, only 50% of repeat ELISAs were positive. Of the latter, only approximately one third were associated with two subsequent positive WBs. In Russia, in 1990, out of 20,000 positive ELISAs only 112 were confirmed using the WB as a gold standard. In 1991, of approximately 30,000 positive ELISAs, only 66 were confirmed.(64) Nowhere in the four Science papers was HTVL-III cytotoxicity mentioned. The only reference to any cellular abnormalities or pathology in general is in the first paper where one reads: The virus positive cultures consistently showed a high proportion of round giant cells containing numerous nuclei (Fig. 1a). These cells resemble those induced by HTLV-I and -II except that the nuclei exhibit a characteristic ring formation. (Fig. 1a is a light microscopic examination of clone H4/HTLV-III). The H4 clone was obtained from the HT cell line using irradiated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of a healthy blood donor as a feeder. At present, it is known that the HT cell line and thus H4 are HUT78, derived in 1980 from a patient with mature T4-cell leukaemia,(65,66) However, other cell lines derived from patients with the same clinical syndrome are known to exhibit similar morphologies including multinucleated giant cells.(67) Thus the cellular morphological characteristics observed in the first paper may have been an intrinsic property of the HT cell line, or the result of the culture conditions, or both, and not due to HTLV-III. Finally, Gallo and his colleagues did not provide any data on the immunological status of those individuals from whom viral isolation was attempted, and no data was presented proving that: 1. HTLV-III (HIV) is both a necessary and sufficient cause of T4- cell depletion; 2. T4-cell depletion is both necessary and sufficient for the appearance of the AIDS indicator diseases. Conclusions The data and arguments that have been presented by Gallo and his colleagues do not constitute proof of HIV isolation or an unambiguous role for HIV in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Although some researchers currently use methods of viral isolation essentially the same as that described by Gallos group, most use less rigorous methods including singleton detection of p24 (by antibody techniques), or RT. Notwithstanding, with all of these techniques, including that described by Gallo and his colleagues, which itself seen to be greatly problematic, HIV cannot be isolated from 20%-70% of HIV positive and AIDS patients(68,69) Thus we are faced with a problem of considerable importance. The HIV antibody tests, both ELISA and WB, the only routinely used tests proving the existence in vivo of HIV, have yet to be verified against the only suitable gold standard, viral isolation. The available evidence suggests that this long overdue but most basic requirement of test evaluation is likely to prove an immense problem, and while the HIV antibody tests are useful prognostic markers in the high risk groups, their use as diagnostic and epidemiological tools for HIV infection is questionable.References 1. Essex M, McLane MF, Lee TH, et al. Antibodies to Cell Membrane Antigens Associated with Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus in Patients with AIDS. Science 1985;220:859-862. 2. Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, et al. Isolation of Human T- Cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220:865-867. 3. Gallo RC. The First Human Retrovirus. Sci Am 1986; 255:78-88. 4. Marx JL. Human T-Cell Leukemia Linked to AIDS. Science 1983;220:806-809. 5. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a T-Lymphotrophic Retrovirus from a patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220:868-871. 6. Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, et al. Detection, Isolation,and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS. Science 1984;224:497-500. 7. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al. Frequent Detection and Isolation of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and at Risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224:500-502. 8. Schupbach J, Popovic M, Gilden RV, et al. Serological analysis of a Subgroup of Human T-Lymphotrophic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) Associated with AIDS. Science 1984;224:503-505. 9. Sarngadharan MG, Popovic M,Bruch L, et al. Antibodies Reactive to Human T-Lymphotrophic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the Serum of Patients with AIDS. Science 1984:224:506-508. 10. Culliton BJ. Gallo Inquiry Takes Puzzling New Turn. Science 1990:250:202-203. 11. Culliton BJ. Inside the Gallo Probe. Science 1990;248:1494-1498. 12. Hamilton DP. What Next in the Gallo Case? Science 1991;254:944-945. 13. Palca J. Draft of Gallo Report Sees the Light of Day. Science 1991;253:1347-1348. 14. Cohen J. HHS: Gallo Guilty of Misconduct. Science 1993:259:168-170. 15. Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Kramarsky B. et al. First isolation of HTLV-III. Nature 1986;321:119. BibliographyThe evidence that Robert Gallo and his colleagues presented on 4th May 1984 regarding HTLV-III (HIV) isolation and the role of HIV in the pathogenesis of AIDS is critically analysed. It is concluded that the evidence does not constitute proof of the isolation of a retrovirus, that the virus is exogenous or that the virus is causally related to AIDS. Medicine Essays

Domestic or wild animal free essay sample

A domesticated animal is any animal that depends on a human for food, water and shelter this includes farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, chickens, goats, dogs and cats. There are relatively few domesticated animals compared to the huge number of species on the planet. As well as the obvious there are also a couple of species of insect (e.g. the silk worm) that are classified as domesticated. Certain birds, besides chickens and fish, are also considered domestic, even a species of reptiles and some amphibians, turtles. Domesticated animals also need to be able to breed under human in a captive conditions. Therefore the Indian Elephant, although tamed, is not domestic. There are usually captured from wild bred animals. Animal domestication has played a huge role in the development of differing human civilizations. Horses and camels in Africa, Asia and Europe vs the Llamas and Alpacas in America provide an interesting example! In concluding, modern domestic animals are recognizable by the selective breeding they have been subjected to over generations of human interference. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic or wild animal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus the cows looks little like the Bovines of a cave paintings and it has become hard to recognize the Dachshund as a descendant of the wolf! A domesticated animal is any animal that depends on a human for food, water and shelter this includes farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, chickens, goats, dogs and cats. There are relatively few domesticated animals compared to the huge number of species on the planet. As well as the obvious there are also a couple of species of insect (e.g. the silk worm) that are classified as domesticated. Certain birds, besides chickens and fish, are also considered domestic, even a species of reptiles and some amphibians, turtles. Domesticated animals also need to be able to breed under human in a captive conditions. Therefore the Indian Elephant, although tamed, is not domestic. There are usually captured from wild bred animals. Animal domestication has  played a huge role in the development of differing human civilizations. Horses and camels in Africa, Asia and Europe vs the Llamas and Alpacas in America provide an interesting example! In concluding, modern domestic animals are recognizable by the selective breeding they have been subjected to over generations of human interference. Thus the cows looks little like the Bovines of a cave paintings and it has become hard to recognize the Dachshund as a descendant of the wolf! A domesticated animal is any animal that depends on a human for food, water and shelter this includes farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, chickens, goats, dogs and cats. There are relatively few domesticated animals compared to the huge number of species on the planet. As well as the obvious there are also a couple of species of insect (e.g. the silk worm) that are classified as domesticated. Certain birds, besides chickens and fish, are also considered domestic, even a species of reptiles and some amphibians, turtles. Domesticated animals also need to be able to breed under human in a captive conditions. Therefore the Indian Elephant, although tamed, is not domestic. There are usually captured from wild bred animals. Animal domestication has played a huge role in the development of differing human civilizations. Horses and camels in Africa, Asia and Europe vs the Llamas and Alpacas in America provide an interesting example! In concluding, modern domestic animals are recognizable by the selective breeding they have been subjected to over generations of human interference. Thus the cows looks little like the Bovines of a cave paintings and it has become hard to recognize the Dachshund as a descendant of the wolf!

Introduction of Information Security Systems Cis4385 Essay Example

Introduction of Information Security Systems Cis4385 Essay 1. Which if the following IPv6 address type is assigned to multiple interfaces but packets will only be delivered to one? a. Multicast b. Anycast c. Unicast d. Broadcast Grade:1 User Responses:b. Anycast Feedback:a. An anycast address is assigned to a group of interfaces on multiple nodes. Packets are delivered to the â€Å"first† interface only. 2. Routers operate at which OSI layer? a. Physical b. Transport c. Network d. Session Grade:1 User Responses:c. Network Feedback:a. Routers operate at the network layer making routing decisions based on IP addresses. 3. Which of the following is NOT a private IPv4 address? Choose all that apply. a. 192. 168. 5. 60 b. 172. 25. 6. 4 c. 10. 0. 6. 5 d. 26. 68. 6. 1 Grade:1 User Responses:d. 26. 68. 6. 1 Feedback:a. The private IP address ranges are as follows. IP Class Assigned Range Class A 10. 0. 0. 0-10. 255. 255. 255 Class B 172. 16. 0. 0-172. 31. 255. 255 Class C 192. 168. 0. 0-192. 168. 255. 255 4. What is a server that evaluates Internet requests from LAN devices against a set called? a. Proxy b. Firewall c. Load balancer d. NAT server Grade:1 User Responses:a. Proxy Feedback:a. A server that evaluates Internet requests from LAN devices against a set of rules is called a proxy server. NAT servers perform private to public address translation; load balancers manage traffic between cluster hosts; and a firewall filters traffic based on access control lists. 5. Which type of device maintains awareness of the status of connections, thereby preventing IP spoofing attacks? a. Stateless packet filtering firewall b. Stateful packet filtering firewall c. NAT filter d. Application-level gateway Grade:1 User Responses:b. Stateful packet filtering firewall Feedback:a. A stateful packet filtering firewall is one that monitors the state of each connection by examining the header of each packet. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Information Security Systems Cis4385 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Information Security Systems Cis4385 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Information Security Systems Cis4385 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A stateless packet filtering firewall does not do this. NAT filters perform only private-to-public address translation. An application-level gateway provides protection to a specific application such as FTP. 6. Which of the following firewall services works at the session layer of the OSI model? a. Application layer gateway b. Stateful filtering c. NAT d. Circuit-level gateway Grade:0 User Responses:c. NAT Feedback:a. Circuit-level gateways work at the Session Layer of the OSI model and apply security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established; they act as a go between for the Transport and Application Layers in TCP/IP. After the connection has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking. Circuit-level gateways hide information about the private network, but they do not filter individual packets. 7. Which of the following are the two main functions of a proxy server? a. Caching of web pages b. NAT c. Domain authentication d. DHCP Grade:1 User Responses:a. Caching of web pages,c. Domain authentication Feedback:a. A proxy server secures a network by keeping machines behind it anonymous; it does this through the use of NAT. It also improves web performance by caching web pages from servers on the Internet for a set amount of time. b. A proxy server secures a network by keeping machines behind it anonymous; it does this through the use of NAT. It also improves web performance by caching web pages from servers on the Internet for a set amount of time. 8. Which of the following devices can detect but not prevent attacks across the entire network? a. NIDS b. Host-based IDS c. NIP S d. Protocol Analyzer Grade:1 User Responses:a. NIDS Feedback:a. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) detect but do not prevent attacks across the entire network. Host-based IDS can protect only the host on which it is installed. Network Intrusion Protection Systems (NIPS) can detect and prevent attacks across the entire network. A Protocol Analyzer can capture traffic but not act upon it. 9. When a NIPs blocks legitimate traffic, what is it known as? a. False negative b. True negative c. False positive d. True positive Grade:1 User Responses:c. False positive Feedback:a. A blocking of traffic is a positive action, and when it is in response to legitimate traffic, it is considered a false action; thus it is a false positive. A false negative would be when an action is NOT taken on traffic that is not legitimate. The other two options are normal actions; a true negative is the allowing of legitimate traffic, whereas a true positive is the blocking of illegitimate traffic. 10. Which of the following types of NIPS reacts to actions that deviate from a baseline? a. Signature-based b. Heuristic c. Anomaly-based d. Bit blocker Grade:1 User Responses:c. Anomaly-based Feedback:a. Anomaly-based NIPS recognizes traffic that is unusual and reports it. Signature-based NIPs are configured with the signatures of attacks. Heuristics looks for patterns in the traffic, whereas bit blocker is a not a type of NIPs. 1. Which of the following systems attempt to stop the leakage of confidential data, often concentrating on communications? a. DHCP b. DNS c. DLP d. STP Grade:1 User Responses:c. DLP Feedback:a. Data loss prevention (DLP) systems are designed to protect data by way of content inspection. They are meant to stop the leakage of confidential data, often concentrating on communications. As such, they are often also referred to as data leak prevention (DLP) devices, information leak prevention (ILP) devices, and extrusion prevention systems. Regardless, they are intended to be used to keep data from leaking past a computer system or network and into unwanted hands. 12. When a company buys fire insurance they are ____________ risk. a. accepting b. avoiding c. transferring d. reducing Grade:1 User Responses:c. transferring Feedback:a. It is possible to transfer some risk to a third-party. An example of risk transference (also known as risk sharing) would be an organization that purchases insurance for a group of servers in a datacenter. The organization still takes on the risk of losing data in the case of server failure, theft, and disaster, but transfers the risk of losing the money those servers are worth in the case they are lost. 13. Which of the following processes block external files that use JavaScript or images from loading into the browser? a. URL filtering b. Content filtering c. Malware inspection d. Blacklists Grade:1 User Responses:b. Content filtering Feedback:a. Content filtering is a process that blocks external files that use JavaScript or images from loading into the browser. URL filtering blocks pages based on the URL. Malware inspection looks for malware based on a signature file, and blacklists are items to be denied by spam filters. 14. Which of the following actions should NOT be taken for the default account on a network device? a. Delete it. b. Change the password. c. Disable it. d. Leave it as is. Grade:1 User Responses:d. Leave it as is. Feedback:a. The default account has a well-known username and password, so it should be either deleted or disabled, or at a minimum its password should be changed. 15. Firewall rules are typically based in all but which of the following? a. IP addresses b. MAC addresses c. Port numbers . Content type Grade:1 User Responses:d. Content type Feedback:a. Firewall rules are typically based on IP addresses, MAC addresses, or port numbers, but they cannot filter for content. 16. Which of the following is the target of a double tagging attack? a. VPNs b. VLANs c. Collision domains d. DMZs Grade:1 User Responses:b. VLANs Feedback:a. A double tagging attack can enabl e the attacker to view traffic from multiple VLANs. 17. A network created to allow access to resources from the Internet, while maintaining separation from the internal network is called a ______? a. VPN b. VLAN c. Honeypot d. DMZ Grade:1 User Responses:d. DMZ Feedback:a. When talking about computer security, a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is a special area of the network (sometimes referred to as a subnetwork) that houses servers which host information accessed by clients or other networks on the Internet, but which does not allow access to the internal network. 18. How can access to the remote management of a router be protected? a. Content filtering b. ACLs c. Firewalls d. IPS Grade:0 User Responses:c. Firewalls Feedback:a. Remote access to a router is usually done via Telnet or SSH. The port used (vty line) can be secured using an access control list. The other options can all be used to help protect routers but not access the remote management function. 19. You need to allow access from your network to all web sites. What port numbers should be opened in the firewall? Choose all that apply. a. 25 b. 443 c. 80 d. 119 e. 22 f. 23 Grade:1 User Responses:c. 80 Feedback:a. HTTP and HTTPS are the two services you need to allow access to use ports 80 and 443 respectively. 20. Which of the following mitigation techniques can prevent MAC flooding? a. Secure VLANs b. Prevent ICMP responses c. 802. 1x d. 802. 1q Grade:1 User Responses:c. 802. 1x Feedback:a. MAC flooding, which involves overwhelming the memory of the switch with MAC frames sourced from different MAC addresses, can be prevented by requiring authentication on each port through 802. 1x. Secure VLANs cannot prevent this because the frames don’t need to enter a VLAN to cause the problem. ICMP is at Layer 3, these frames are at Layer 2, and 802. 1q is a VLAN tagging protocol that does not prevent frames from entering the switch through access ports. 21. Which of the following attacks cannot be mitigated with a flood guard? a. Smurf attack b. Fraggle c. Teardrop attack d. Session theft Grade:1 User Responses:d. Session theft Feedback:a. The smurf, fraggle, and teardrop attacks all involve sending a flood of packets to a device, using different types of malformed packets. A session theft attack is when a session cookie is stolen and used to authenticate to a server. 22. Loop protection is designed to address problems that occur with which device? a. Switch b. Hub c. Router d. Firewall Grade:0 User Responses:b. Hub Feedback:a. Loops occur when switches have redundant connections causing a loop. Loop guard (or loop protection) can prevent loops on the switch. 23. When creating an ACL which of the following statements is NOT true? a. The order of the rules is important for proper functioning b. You must include a deny all statement at the end of the rule set for proper functioning c. The more specific rules should be placed at the beginning of the rule list d. Once created, the ACL must be applied to an interface Grade:1 User Responses:b. You must include a deny all statement at the end of the rule set for proper functioning Feedback:a. There is an implied deny all statement at the end of each ACL and it is not required to include one. 24. Which of the following is an example of insecure network bridging in a LAN? a. Laptop connected to a hotspot and an ad hoc network . Laptop connected to a wireless network and the wired LAN at the same time c. Router connected to two subnets d. PC connected with two NIC to the same LAN Grade:1 User Responses:b. Laptop connected to a wireless network and the wired LAN at the same time Feedback:a. When a laptop connects to a wireless network and the wired LAN at the same time, it can create a bridge between the two allowing access to the LAN. The other scenarios do not create a security problem for the LAN. 25. When the administrator creates a rule on the firewall to prevent FTP traffic, this is a type of __________rule. . implicit deny b. implicit allow c. explicit deny d. explicit allow Grade:1 User Responses:c. explicit deny Feedback:a. When traffic is specified to be prevented, it is an explicit deny. When it is denied simply because it was not specifically allowed, that is an implicit deny. 26. Network Access Control (NAC) is an example of_______________. a. role-based management b. rules-based management c. port-based access d. application layer filtering Grade:1 User Responses:b. rules-based management Feedback:a. Network Access Control (NAC) uses rules by which connections to a network are governed. Computers attempting to connect to a network are denied access unless they comply with rules including levels of antivirus protection, system updates, and so on—effectively weeding out those who would perpetuate malicious attacks. 27. What type of device is required for communication between VLANs? a. Hub b. Switch c. Router d. Firewall Grade:1 User Responses:c. Router Feedback:a. Hosts in different VLANs are also in different subnets and routing must be performed for them to communicate. 28. Which of the following would be least likely to be placed in the DMZ? a. Web server b. DNS server c. Domain controller d. FTP server Grade:1 User Responses:c. Domain controller Feedback:a. All the options except a domain controller are often placed in the DMZ so they are accessible to the outside world. A DC however is sensitive and should NOT be placed in the DMZ. 29. Subnetting a network creates segmentation at which layer of the OSI model? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 Grade:1 User Responses:c. Layer 3 Feedback:a. Subnetting a network creates segmentation using IP addresses, which is Layer 3. 30. What service is required to represent multiple private IP addresses with a single public IP address? a. NAT b. DHCP c. DNS d. DLP Grade:0 User Responses:a. NAT Feedback:a. Network Address Translation (NAT) is required to represent multiple private IP addresses with a single public IP address. The specific form of NAT required to represent multiple private IP addresses with a single public IP address is called Port Address Translation (PAT). 31. Which of the following is NOT a remote access protocol? a. MS-CHAP b. CHAP c. LDAP d. PAP Grade:1 User Responses:c. LDAP Feedback:a. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is used for accessing directory services such as Active Directory. It is not used in remote access. All other options are remote access protocols. 2. Which of the following devices are susceptible to war dialing? a. Modems b. Firewalls c. Content filters d. Load balancers Grade:0 User Responses:a. Modems Feedback:a. Any devices that accept phone calls such as modems or PBX systems with remote phone access are susceptible to war dialing. 33. When computers are not allowed to connect to the network without proper security patches and virus updates, the network is using a form of _____________. a. PAT b. DAC c. NAC d. DMZ Grade:0 User Responses:d. DMZ Feedback:a. Network Access Control (NAC) uses rules by which connections to a network are governed. Computers attempting to connect to a network are denied access unless they comply with rules including levels of antivirus protection, system updates, and so on—effectively weeding out those who would perpetuate malicious attacks. 34. Which of the following items do not need to be changed on a new router to ensure secure router management? a. IP address b. Administrator name c. Administrator password d. IOS version Grade:1 User Responses:d. IOS version Feedback:a. All the options except the IOS version can be set to defaults from the factory and should be changed because they are well known. 5. Which of the following is NOT an example of cloud computing? a. SaaS b. IaaS c. PaaS d. BaaS Grade:1 User Responses:d. BaaS Feedback:a. Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS) are all forms of cloud computing. 36. On which concept is cloud computing based? a. load balancing b. virtualization c. RAID d. DLP Grade:1 User Responses :b. virtualization Feedback:a. All forms of cloud computing use virtualization. 37. A three legged perimeter is a form of ______________. a. VPN b. DMZ c. NAT d. ACL Grade:1 User Responses:b. DMZ Feedback:a. A three-legged perimeter is a firewall or server with three NICs: one pointed to the LAN, one to the Internet, and one to the DMZ. 38. Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by subnetting? a. It increases security by compartmentalizing the network. b. It is a more efficient use of IP address space. c. It reduces broadcast traffic and collisions. d. It eases administration of the network. Grade:1 User Responses:d. It eases administration of the network. Feedback:a. Subnetting provides a number of benefits but easing administration is not one of them. 39. Which of the following is the result of implementing VLANs? . Larger broadcast domains b. Smaller collision domains c. Smaller broadcast domains d. Larger collision domains Grade:1 User Responses:c. Smaller broadcast domains Feedback:a. VLANs break up the network into subnets and as such result in smaller broadcast domains. 40. Which of the following services helps conserve public IP addresses? a. NAT b. DHCP c. DNS d. SLIP Grade:0 User Responses:c. DNS Feedback:a. By allowing the use of private IP addresses inside each network and by representing those groups of private IP addresses with a single public IP address, public IP addresses are conserved by NAT. 41. Which of the following remote access protocols are used with VPNs? Choose all that apply. a. PPTP b. PPP c. L2TP d. SLIP Grade:1 User Responses:c. L2TP,d. SLIP Feedback:a. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Layer Two Tunneling protocol (L2TP) are used with VPNs. PPP and SLIP are used for dial-up. /b. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Layer Two Tunneling protocol (L2TP) are used with VPNs. PPP and SLIP are used for dial-up. 42. Which of the following security protocols operates at the network layer of the OSI model? a. IPSec b. SSH c. SSL d. TLS Grade:1 User Responses:a. IPSec Feedback:a. One of the key features of IPSec is its operation at the network layer enabling it to protect any type of communication operating at the upper layers of the OSI model. 43. Which of the following are components of SNMP? Choose all that apply. a. NMS b. IPSec c. Agent d. CARP Grade:1 User Responses:b. IPSec,c. Agent Feedback:a. The three components of SNMP are a network management system (NMS), agent software, and the managed device, where the agent software operates. /b. The three components of SNMP are a network management system (NMS), agent software, and the managed device, where the agent software operates. 44. SSL is designed as a secure replacement for which of the following? a. PPP b. Telnet c. TLS d. SSH Grade:0 User Responses:d. SSH Feedback:a. SSL is designed as a secure replacement for Telnet, which transmits in clear text. 45. Which of the following protocols supersedes SSL? a. SSH b. TLS c. S/MIME d. EAP Grade:0 User Responses:a. SSH Feedback:a. TLS 1. 2, the latest version, is used when establishing an HTTPS connection and supersedes SSLv3. 46. The operation of which of the following protocols makes the SYN flood attack possible? a. IPX/SPX b. AppleTalk c. TCP/IP d. RIP Grade:1 User Responses:c. TCP/IP Feedback:a. TCP/IP uses a three-way handshake for its connection, and the SYN flood attack attempts to take advantage of the operation of this connection operation. 47. Which of the following provides secure web access? a. SFTP b. HTTP c. HTTPS d. SSH Grade:1 User Responses:c. HTTPS Feedback:a. HTTPS uses port 443 and is the standard for secure web access. 48. SCP is a secure copy protocol that uses the port of which other protocol for transfers? a. HTTPS b. SSH c. SSL d. FTPS Grade:0 User Responses:d. FTPS Feedback:a. Secure copy (SCP) is another example of a protocol that uses another protocol (and its corresponding port). It uses SSH and ultimately uses port 22 to transfer data. 49. Which of the following protocols is abused when a ping flood occurs? a. SNMP b. IGMP c. ICMP d. EIGRP Grade:0 User Responses:a. SNMP Feedback:a. Ping floods use ICMP echo request packets aimed at the target. 50. Which of the following security mechanisms are built into IPv6? a. IPSec b. SSL c. HTTPS d. EAP Grade:1 User Responses:a. IPSec Feedback:a. IPv6 has IPSec support built in. 51. What method is used by SSL to obtain and validate certificates? a. SPI b. PKI c. TLS d. EAP Grade:1 User Responses:b. PKI Feedback:a. SSL and TLS use a public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to obtain and validate certificates. 52. What port number does FTPS use to protect the transmission? a. 21 b. 88 c. 443 d. 445 Grade:0 User Responses:a. 21 Feedback:a. FTPS uses SSL or TLS over port 443 to make a secure connection. 53. Which of the following protocols uses port 22, normally used by SSH, to make a secure connection? a. FTPS b. SCP c. SFTP d. SSL Grade:0 User Responses:b. SCP Feedback:a. Secure FTP (SFTP) uses port 22, the port for SSH, which is why it is also sometimes called SSH FTP. 54. Which protocol uses ports 161 and 162? a. SMTP b. IMAP4 . SNMP d. IGMP Grade:0 User Responses:a. SMTP Feedback:a. SNMP is used to collect information about and make changes to devices on the network. It uses ports 161 and 162. 55. Which protocol uses the same port as HTTPS? a. SCP b. FTPS c. SFTP d. IMAP4 Grade:0 User Responses:c. SFTP Feedback:a. FTP secure (FTPS) uses port 443, which is also used by HTTPS. 56. Which protocol uses po rt 69? a. SCP b. FTPS c. TFTP d. IMAP4 Grade:1 User Responses:c. TFTP Feedback:a. TFTP uses port 69. 57. What port number is used by Telnet? a. 80 b. 443 c. 21 d. 23 Grade:1 User Responses:d. 23 Feedback:a. Port 23 is used by Telnet. 8. Which port does HTTP use? a. 80 b. 443 c. 21 d. 23 Grade:0 User Responses:b. 443 Feedback:a. HTTP uses port 80. 59. Which port does SCP use to transfer data? a. 80 b. 22 c. 21 d. 23 Grade:0 User Responses:c. 21 Feedback:a. SCP uses SSH and thus port 22 to transfer data. 60. Which protocol uses port 443? a. HTTPS b. FTPS c. TFTP d. IMAP4 Grade:1 User Responses:a. HTTPS Feedback:a. HTTPS uses port 443. 61. Which two protocols use port 22? a. HTTPS b. FTPS c. SSH d. SCP Grade:2 User Responses:c. SSH,d. SCP Feedback:a. SCP uses SSH and thus port 22 to transfer data, so both protocols use this port. b. SCP uses SSH and thus port 22 to transfer data, so both protocols use this port. 62. Which ports does the NetBIOS protocol uses? Choose all that apply. a. 138 b. 139 c. 137 d. 140 Grade:3 User Responses:a. 138,b. 139,c. 137 Feedback:a. The NetBIOS protocol uses ports 137 through 139. /b. The NetBIOS protocol uses ports 137 through 139. /c. The NetBIOS protocol uses ports 137 through 139. 63. What protocol uses port 53? a. HTTPS b. FTPS c. SSH d. DNS Grade:0 User Responses:b. FTPS Feedback:a. DNS uses port 53. 64. Which port number does RDP use? a. 3389 b. 1723 c. 1701 d. 140 Grade:1 User Responses:a. 3389 Feedback:a. Port 3389 is used for Remote Desktop (RDP). 65. What protocol uses port 25? a. HTTPS b. SMTP c. SSH d. DNS Grade:1 User Responses:b. SMTP Feedback:a. SMTP uses port 25. 66. Which of the following statements is true regarding WPA and WPA2? (Choose all that apply. ) a. WPA uses 256-bit encryption. b. WPA2 uses 128-bit encryption. c. WPA uses TKIP. d. WPA2 uses AES. Grade:2 User Responses:c. WPA uses TKIP. ,d. WPA2 uses AES. Feedback:a. WPA uses TKIP 128-bit encryption, whereas WPA2 uses 256-bit AES. /b. WPA uses TKIP 128-bit encryption, whereas WPA2 uses 256-bit AES. 67. Which statement is NOT true with regard to WPA2? a. Uses AES encryption b. Meets requirements of 802. 11i c. Uses TKIP encryption d. Uses 256 bit encryption Grade:1 User Responses:c. Uses TKIP encryption Feedback:a. WPA uses TKIP but WPA2 uses AES. 68. Which of the following is the security provided in the original 802. 11 standard? a. WPA b. WPA2 c. WEP d. CCMP Grade:1 User Responses:c. WEP Feedback:a. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is the security provided in the original 802. 11 standard. 69. What is the authentication system that calls for a supplicant, authenticator, and authentication server called? . EAP b. WPA c. WPA2 d. WEP Grade:1 User Responses:a. EAP Feedback:a. Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication system that calls for a supplicant, authenticator, and authentication server. 70. Which of the following implementations of EAP requires certificates on the client and the server? a. EAP-FAST b. EAP-TTLS c. PEAP d. EAP-TLS Grade:1 User Responses:d. EAP- TLS Feedback:a. EAP-TLS requires certificates on the client and the server. 71. Which of the following versions of EAP is Cisco proprietary? a. LEAP b. EAP-TTLS c. PEAP d. EAP-TLS Grade:1 User Responses:a. LEAP Feedback:a. Lightweight EAP is a version that works only on Cisco devices unless the device is from a partner that participates in the Cisco Compatible Extensions program. 72. Why are MAC filters not effective in preventing access to the WLAN? a. The MAC addresses of allowed devices are contained in the beacon frames sent by the AP. b. The MAC addresses of allowed devices are contained in any frames sent by the allowed device. c. The administrative effort to maintain the MAC list is prohibitive. d. If the user changes his MAC address, the filter will disallow entry. Grade:1 User Responses:b. The MAC addresses of allowed devices are contained in any frames sent by the allowed device. Feedback:a. The MAC addresses of allowed devices are contained in any frames sent by the allowed device and can be seen by those using wireless protocol analyzers. The MAC address can then be spoofed for entry. 73. Which of the following frame types contain the SSID? (Choose all that apply. ) a. Beacon frames b. Data frames c. Association frames d. Authentication frames Grade:3 User Responses:b. Data frames,c. Association frames,d. Authentication frames Feedback:a. The SSID is contained in all frames. If the SSID is hidden, it is removed only from the beacon frames. /b. The SSID is contained in all frames. If the SSID is hidden, it is removed only from the beacon frames. /c. The SSID is contained in all frames. If the SSID is hidden, it is removed only from the beacon frames. 74. TKIP was designed to correct the shortcomings of which of the following? a. EAP b. WPA c. WEP d. WPA2 Grade:1 User Responses:c. WEP Feedback:a. TKIP was designed to correct the shortcomings of WEP. It was a temporary solution for use until the 802. 1x standard was completed. 75. Which of the following encryption protocols is used with WPA2? . TKIP b. CCMP c. WEP d. DES Grade:1 User Responses:b. CCMP Feedback:a. Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) is the encryption protocol used with WPA2. It addresses the vulnerabilities of TKIP and meets requirements of IEEE 802. 11i. 76. Which antenna types would be best for shaping the signal away from the front of the bu ilding for security purposes while still providing coverage in the other part of the building? (Choose all that apply. ) a. Yagi b. Omni c. Parabolic dish d. Semidirectional Grade:2 User Responses:a. Yagi,d. Semidirectional Feedback:a. You can use a yagi antenna, which is a type of semidirectional antenna, to shape the coverage area as called for in the scenario. /b. You can use a yagi antenna, which is a type of semidirectional antenna, to shape the coverage area as called for in the scenario. 77. How can you keep the existing radiation pattern of the antenna while reducing the coverage area? a. Increase the power of the transmitter. b. Decrease the power of the transmitter. c. Change the polarity of the antenna. d. Remove one of the attenuators from the line. Grade:1 User Responses:b. Decrease the power of the transmitter. Feedback:a. Reducing the power level maintains the radiation pattern while making the area of radiation smaller. 78. What organization created WPA? a. FCC b. Wi-Fi Alliance c. IEEE d. ISO Grade:1 User Responses:b. Wi-Fi Alliance Feedback:a. The Wi-Fi Alliance created WPA to address the weaknesses of WEP. 79. To which standard is WPA2 designed to adhere? a. 802. 16 b. 802. 11f c. 802. 11i d. 802. 11e Grade:1 User Responses:c. 802. 11i Feedback:a. WPA2 is designed to adhere to the 802. 11i security standard. 80. Which of the following is the weakest form of security? a. TKIP b. WPA c. WEP d. EAP Grade:1 User Responses:c. WEP Feedback:a. WEP is the weakest form of security. It has been cracked and is not suitable for Enterprise WLANs. 81. A ______________ attack intercepts all data between a client and a server. a. DDoS b. Man-in-the-middle c. Replay d. Smurf Grade:1 User Responses:b. Man-in-the-middle Feedback:a. Man-in-the-middle is a type of active interception. If successful, all communications now go through the MITM attacking computer. 82. When a group of compromised systems attack a single target it is a called a _______________ attack. a. DDoS b. Man-in-the middle c. Replay d. Smurf Grade:1 User Responses:a. DDoS Feedback:a. A distributed denial-of-service attack occurs when a group of compromised systems launches a DDoS attack on a single target. 83. When valid data transmissions are maliciously or fraudulently repeated, it is called a _______________ attack. a. DDoS b. man-in-the middle c. replay d. smurf Grade:1 User Responses:c. replay Feedback:a. When valid data transmissions are maliciously or fraudulently repeated, it is a called a replay attack. 84. What attack sends large amounts of ICMP echoes, broadcasting the ICMP echo requests to every computer on its network or subnetwork? a. DDoS b. Man-in-the middle c. Replay d. Smurf Grade:1 User Responses:d. Smurf Feedback:a. A smurf attack sends large amounts of ICMP echoes, broadcasting the ICMP echo requests to every computer on its network or subnetwork. The ICMP request is sent to a broadcast address. When all hosts receive the ICMP broadcast request, these host send ICMP replies to the source address, which has been set to the address of the target. 85. Changing your MAC address to that of another host is called ___________________. a. spear phishing b. spoofing c. pharming d. vishing Grade:1 User Responses:b. spoofing Feedback:a. Spoofing is when an attacker tails the IP or MAC address of another computer. 86. Which of the following is more an aggravation than an attack? a. Spear phishing b. Spoofing c. Spam d. Vishing Grade:1 User Responses:c. Spam Feedback:a. Spam or unwanted email is more an aggravation than an attack. 87. Which of the following uses instant messaging as its vehicle? a. Spim b. Spoofing c. Phishing d. Vishing Grade:1 User Responses:a. Spim Feedback:a. Spam Over Instant Messaging (SPIM) uses IM to deliver the spam. 88. When VoIP phone calls are used in the pursuit of social engineering, it is called__________. a. spim b. poofing c. phishing d. vishing Grade:1 User Responses:d. vishing Feedback:a. Vishing is phishing performed with VoIP calls, which are harder to trace than regular calls. 89. What type of attack is an advanced scan that tries to get around firewalls and look for open ports? a. DDoS b. Man-in-the-middle c. Xmas attack d. Smurf Grade:1 User Responses:c. Xmas attack Feedback:a. Usually using Nmap, the Xmas attack is an advanced scan that tries to get around firewalls and look for open ports. 90. __________________ is when an attacker redirects one website’s traffic to another bogus and possibly malicious website. a. DDoS b. Pharming c. Xmas attack d. Smurf Grade:1 User Responses:b. Pharming Feedback:a. Host files and vulnerable DNS software can also be victims of pharming attacks. Pharming is when an attacker redirects one website’s traffic to another bogus and possibly malicious website. Pharming can be prevented by carefully monitoring DNS configurations and host files. 91. ___________ is when a person that is not normally authorized to a server manages to get administrative permissions to resources. a. Whaling b. Pharming c. Spear phishing d. Privilege escalation Grade:1 User Responses:d. Privilege escalation Feedback:a. Privilege escalation is when a person that is not normally authorized to a server manages to get administrative permissions to resources. 92. Which problem is the most difficult to contend with? a. Malicious insider threat b. Fraggle attack c. Distributed denial-of-service d. Whaling Grade:1 User Responses:a. Malicious insider threat Feedback:a. Because the attacker already is inside the network with company knowledge, a malicious insider threat is the most difficult to contend with. 93. What type of attack can DNS poisoning lead to? a. Whaling b. Pharming c. Spear phishing d. Privilege escalation Grade:0 User Responses:c. Spear phishing Feedback:a. Pharming attacks lead users from a legitimate website to a malicious twin. The easiest way to do this is to poison the DNS cache so that the DNS server sends them to the malicious site. 94. Strong input validation can help prevent ____________________. a. bluesnarfing b. SQL injection c. session highjacking d. header manipulation Grade:0 User Responses:c. session highjacking Feedback:a. SQL injection attacks user input in web forms that is not correctly filtered. This can be prevented with input validations. 95. LDAP injection is an attack on __________________servers. . SQL b. directory c. web d. email Grade:1 User Responses:b. directory Feedback:a. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is a protocol used to maintain a directory of information such as user accounts or other types of objects. 96. XML injection can be prevented with __________________. a. IDS b. IPS c. input validation d. complex passwords Grade:0 User Responses:d. complex passwords Feedback:a. The best way to protect against this (and all code injection techniques for that matter) is to incorporate strong input validation. 97. The .. / attack is also known as ________________. a. irectory traversal b. SQL injection c. session highjacking d. header manipulation Grade:1 User Responses:a. directory traversal Feedback:a. Directory traversal, or the .. / (dot dot slash) attack is a method to access unauthorized parent (or worse, root) directories. 98. _____________ is when commands and command syntax are entered into an application or OS. a. Directory traversal b. Command injection c. Command highjacking d. Code manipulation Grade:1 User Responses:b. Command injection Feedback:a. Command injection is when commands and command syntax are entered into an application or OS. 99. Buffer overflows operate against the _________ of the computer. a. NIC b. disk c. CPU d. memory Grade:1 User Responses:d. memory Feedback:a. A buffer overflow is when a process stores data outside of the memory that the developer intended. 100. What is the difference between an XSS and XSRF attack? a. The XSS attack exploits the trust a user’s browser has in a website, whereas the XSFR attack exploits the trust that a website has in a user’s browser. b. The XSFR attack exploits the trust a user’s browser has in a website, whereas the XSS attack exploits the trust that a website has in a user’s browser. . The XSS attack creates a buffer overflow on the website, whereas the XSFR attack creates a buffer overflow on the client. d. The XSS attack creates a buffer overflow on the client, whereas the XSFR attack creates a buffer overflow on the website. Grade:1 User Responses:a. The XSS attack exploits the trust a user’s browser has in a website, whereas t he XSFR attack exploits the trust that a website has in a user’s browser. Feedback:a. The XSS attack exploits the trust a user’s browser has in a website. The converse of this: the XSRF attack exploits the trust that a website has in a user’s browser. In this attack (also known as a one-click attack), the user’s browser is compromised and transmits unauthorized commands to the website. 101. _______________ are placed by programmers, knowingly or inadvertently, to bypass normal authentication and other security mechanisms in place. a. Landing spots b. Backdoors c. Hotspots d. Code heels Grade:1 User Responses:b. Backdoors Feedback:a. Backdoors are placed by programmers, knowingly or inadvertently, to bypass normal authentication and other security mechanisms in place. 102. An XSS attack is also called a(n) __________________ attack. a. Zero day b. Command injection . Xmas d. Cross site scripting Grade:1 User Responses:d. Cross site scripting Feedback:a. XSS attacks, also called cross site scripting attacks, exploit the trust a user’s browser has in a website through code injection, often in webforms. 103. ______________can be used by spyware and can track people without their permission. a. MAC addresses b. Cookies c. IP addresses d. Attachments Grade:1 User Responses:b. Cookies Feedback:a. Cookies are text files placed on the client computer that store information about it, which could include your computer’s browsing habits and possibly user credentials. 104. Which of the following attachments is the riskiest to open? a.. exe b.. pdf c.. doc d.. txt Grade:1 User Responses:a.. exe Feedback:a. A . exe or executable file is one that contains a program that will do something, perhaps malicious to the computer. 105. Stolen cookies can be used to launch a(n) ____________________. a. XSS attack b. SQL injection c. session highjack d. header manipulation Grade:1 User Responses:c. session highjack Feedback:a. Session cookies authenticate you to a server and can be used to highjack your session. 106. Header manipulation alters information in ______________ headers. a. LDAP b. file c. HTTP . SQL Grade:1 User Responses:c. HTTP Feedback:a. Header manipulation alters information in HTTP headers and falsifies access. 107. An ActiveX control is an example of a(n) _________________. a. cookie b. add-on c. cipher d. virus Grade:1 User Responses:b. add-on Feedback:a. You can enable and disable add-on programs such as ActiveX controls in the Programs tab by clicking the Manage add-ons button in Internet Explorer. 108. When an attack targets an operating system vulnerability that is still unknown to the world in general, it is called a __________. a. P2P attack b. zero day attack c. whaling attack d. DDoS attack Grade:1 User Responses:b. zero day attack Feedback:a. A zero day attack targets an operating system vulnerability that is still unknown to the world in general. 109. __________________is a concept that refers to the monitoring of data in use, data in motion, and data at rest. a. DLP b. DHCP c. DEP d. DMS Grade:1 User Responses:a. DLP Feedback:a. Data Loss Prevention (DLP) is a concept that refers to the monitoring of data in use, data in motion, and data at rest. It does this through content inspection and is designed to prevent unauthorized use of data as well as prevent the leakage of data outside the computer (or network) that it resides. 10. Which form of DLP is typically installed in data centers or server rooms? a. Endpoint DLP b. Network DLP c. Storage DLP d. Comprehensive DLP Grade:1 User Responses:c. Storage DLP Feedback:a. Storage DLP systems are typically installed in data centers or server rooms as software that inspect data at rest. 111. Which of the following is an example of d rive encryption? a. AppLocker b. BitLocker c. Windows defender d. Trusted Platform Module Grade:1 User Responses:b. BitLocker Feedback:a. To encrypt an entire hard disk, you need some kind of full disk encryption software. Several are currently available on the market; one developed by Microsoft is called BitLocker. 112. The beauty of hardware-based encryption devices such as HSM (and TPM) is that it is ____________ than software encryption. a. more difficult to crack b. easier to use than software encryption c. faster than software encryption d. can be used to calculate data other than encryption keys Grade:1 User Responses:c. faster than software encryption Feedback:a. Hardware security modules (HSMs) are physical devices that act as secure cryptoprocessors. This means that they are used for encryption during secure login/authentication processes, during digital signings of data, and for payment security systems. The beauty of hardware-based encryption devices such as HSM (and TPM) is that it is faster than software encryption. 113. A _________________ is a chip residing on the motherboard that actually stores the encrypted keys. a. DLP b. DHCP c. DEP d. TPM Grade:1 User Responses:d. TPM Feedback:a. A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip is one residing on the motherboard that actually stores the encrypted keys. 114. Which of the following is NOT required to encrypt the entire disk in Windows? Choose all that apply. a. TPM chip or USB key b. A hard drive with two volumes c. HSM Module d. Cryptoprocessor Grade:2 User Responses:c. HSM Module,d. Cryptoprocessor Feedback:a. Hardware security modules (HSMs) are physical devices that act as secure cryptoprocessors; however, they are NOT a part of encrypting the entire disk in Windows. /b. Hardware security modules (HSMs) are physical devices that act as secure cryptoprocessors; however, they are NOT a part of encrypting the entire disk in Windows. 115. Probably the most important security concern with cloud computing is _______________. . less secure connections b. loss of physical control of data c. weak authentication d. bug exploitation Grade:1 User Responses:b. loss of physical control of data Feedback:a. Probably the most important security control concern is the physical control of data that is lost when an organization makes use of cloud computing. 116. Which of the following is NOT a solution to security issues surroundi ng cloud computing? a. Complex passwords b. Strong authentication methods c. Standardization of programming d. Multiple firewalls Grade:1 User Responses:d. Multiple firewalls Feedback:a. Solutions to these security issues include complex passwords, strong authentication methods, encryption, and standardization of programming. 117. Which form of DLP is typically installed on individual computers? a. Endpoint DLP b. Network DLP c. Storage DLP d. Comprehensive DLP Grade:1 User Responses:a. Endpoint DLP Feedback:a. Endpoint DLP systems run on an individual computer and are usually software-based. They monitor data in use such as email communications and can control what information flows between various users. 118. Where could you disable the use of removable media on a computer? a. Device manager . BIOS c. Control panel d. Programs and features Grade:1 User Responses:b. BIOS Feedback:a. BIOS settings can be used to reduce the risk of infiltration including disabling removable media including the floppy drives and eSATA and USB ports. 119. What are two shortcomings of using BitLocker drive encryption? a. Weak encryption b. Expensive c. Performance suffers d. Shorter driv e life Grade:2 User Responses:c. Performance suffers,d. Shorter drive life Feedback:a. A drive encrypted with BitLocker usually suffers in performance compared to a nonencrypted drive and could have a shorter shelf life as well. /b. A drive encrypted with BitLocker usually suffers in performance compared to a nonencrypted drive and could have a shorter shelf life as well. 120. Which form of DLP is typically installed on the perimeter of the network? a. Endpoint DLP b. Network DLP c. Storage DLP d. Comprehensive DLP Grade:1 User Responses:b. Network DLP Feedback:a. Network DLP systems can be software or hardware solutions that are often installed on the perimeter of the network. They inspect data that is in motion. 121. Software as a service (SaaS) is a type of _____________ computing. a. HSM b. cloud c. role-based d. TPM Grade:1 User Responses:b. cloud Feedback:a. Software as a Service (SaaS) is the most commonly used and recognized example of cloud computing. SaaS is when users access applications over the Internet that are provided by a third party. 122. Which form of DLP inspects ONLY data in motion? a. Endpoint DLP b. Network DLP c. Storage DLP d. Comprehensive DLP Grade:1 User Responses:b. Network DLP Feedback:a. Network DLP systems can be software or hardware solutions that are often installed on the perimeter of the network. They inspect data that is in motion. 123. Which of the following is NOT an example of cloud services? a. SaaS b. IaaS c. PaaS d. BaaS Grade:1 User Responses:d. BaaS Feedback:a. Examples of cloud services include Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). 124. When an electronic control suffers an error, reports the error, and shuts down, it is called_____________. a. Failopen b. Failsafe c. Failclose d. Failshut Grade:1 User Responses:b. Failsafe Feedback:a. When the control fails and shuts down, it is a failsafe. When it fails and leaves a vulnerable system, it is a failopen. 125. What should be the first thing you check when an intrusion has been detected? a. Firewall logs b. Server logs c. Workstation logs d. Security patches Grade:1 User Responses:a. Firewall logs Feedback:a. Logging is also important when it comes to a firewall. Firewall logs should be the first thing you check when an intrusion has been detected. You should know how to access the logs and how to read them. 126. Which log on a Windows server is where you could learn if Joe logged in today? a. Applications b. System c. Security d. DNS Grade:1 User Responses:c. Security Feedback:a. The security log contains entries about logins and access to resources both successful and unsuccessful. 127. Which of the following is NOT an example of physical security? a. Mantraps b. Security logs c. Video surveillance d. Hardware locks Grade:1 User Responses:b. Security logs Feedback:a. Security logs track activities on the network which is logical not physical security. 128. Which of the following is NOT a type of door lock? a. Cipher b. Keyed c. Cardkey d. Mantrap Grade:1 User Responses:d. Mantrap Feedback:a. A mantrap is a two door system designed to prevent tailgating. 129. Which of the following is NOT an example of operating system hardening? a. Disabling unnecessary services b. Removing the NIC c. Protecting management interfaces d. Password protection Grade:1 User Responses:b. Removing the NIC Feedback:a. Hardening the system should not reduce its functionality, and removing the NIC would do that. 130. Which of the following standards is often referred to as port-based security? a. 802. 1x b. 802. 11 c. 802. 11n d. 802. 1 Grade:1 User Responses:a. 802. 1x Feedback:a. 802. 1x enforces perimeter security by keeping the port of the station closed until authentication is complete. 131. In which type of monitoring is network traffic analyzed for predetermined attack patterns? a. Signature-based monitoring b. Anomaly-based monitoring c. Behavior-based monitoring d. Reactive-based monitoring Grade:1 User Responses:a. Signature-based monitoring Feedback:a. Network traffic is analyzed for predetermined attack patterns. These attack patterns are known as signatures. 132. A(n) __________________ uses baseline reporting and other analyses to discover vulnerabilities and weaknesses in systems. a. NAT b. SPA c. SLA d. PSK Grade:1 User Responses:b. SPA Feedback:a. The security posture can be defined as the risk level to which a system, or other technology element, is exposed. Security Posture Assessments (SPA) use baseline reporting and other analyses to discover vulnerabilities and weaknesses in systems. 133. Which of the following indicate a problem currently occurring? . Trends b. Baselines c. Alarms d. Averts Grade:1 User Responses:c. Alarms Feedback:a. Although alerts indicate an issue that MAY need attention, alarms indicate a problem currently occurring. 134. Which of the following are detection controls? (Choose all that apply. ) a. IDS b. IPS c. Video cameras d. Security guard Grade:2 User Responses:a. IDS,c. Video camera s Feedback:a. Detection controls, such as Intrusion Detection systems and video cameras record only activity; they do not prevent it. /b. Detection controls, such as Intrusion Detection systems and video cameras record only activity; they do not prevent it. 35. Which of the following is designed to prevent tailgating? a. Mantraps b. Security logs c. Video surveillance d. Hardware locks Grade:1 User Responses:a. Mantraps Feedback:a. Mantraps use double doors to prevent tailgating. 136. Which of the following is a proximity reader? a. a security card that transmits the location of the holder b. a device that tracks how close an individual is c. a security card reader that can read the card from a distance d. a card reader that locks the door when the holder is a certain distance from the door Grade:1 User Responses:c. security card reader that can read the card from a distance Feedback:a. These cards use radio waves to transmit to the reader. 137. By frequently updating systems and by employing other methods such as group policies and baselining, you _____________ the systems. a. brace b. harden c. virtualize d. hardline Grade:1 User Responses:b. harden Feedback:a. By frequently updating systems and by employing other methods such as group policies and baselining, you harden the system. 138. Installing service packs is a part of the ___________ process. a. baselining b. hardening c. scaling . security templating Grade:1 User Responses:b. hardening Feedback:a. Hardening the OS is accomplished through the use of service packs, patch management, hotfixes, group policies, security templates, and configuration baselines. 139. ______________ can be described as unauthorized WAPs that inadvertently enable access to secure networks. a. Rogue access points b. Evil twin c. War driver d. Phisher Grade:1 User Responses:a. Rogue access points Feedback:a. Rogue access points can be described as unauthorized wireless access points/routers that enable access to secure networks. They differ from an Evil twin in that an Evil twin is strategically placed for the purpose of accessing the network or performing a high jacking attack, whereas rogue access points generally may be placed by employees for their convenience. 140. Which wireless attacks include the introduction of radio interference? a. Rogue Access Point b. Evil twin c. War driver d. Bluesnarfing Grade:1 User Responses:b. Evil twin Feedback:a. The evil twin attack includes jamming the network to cause the stations to associate with the evil twin AP. 141. When executing the Evil twin attack, what value must match on the Evil twin and the legitimate AP? . IP address b. SSID c. MAC address d. Admin password Grade:1 User Responses:b. SSID Feedback:a. The Evil twin attack includes jamming the network to cause the stations to associate with the Evil twin AP. The stations will not roam to the Evil twin unless the SSID is the same as the legitimate AP. 142. ________________ is when a person attempts to access a wireless network, usually while driving in a vehicle. a. War chalking b. Radiophishing c. War driving d. Bluesnarfing Grade:1 User Responses:c. War driving Feedback:a. War driving is when a person attempts to access a wireless